Introduction: Schizophrenia is one of the most serious and frightening of all mental illnesses. Atypical antipsychotics are first line drugs for schizophrenia. They have significant adverse drug events. Aim: The study was conducted with an aim to evaluate the pattern of occurrence of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in the patients with schizophrenia and to assess their causality and severity. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in the psychiatry inpatient and outpatient department of KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi, Karnataka for 3 months. All patients diagnosed casinoluck.ca with schizophrenia and stable on atypical antipsychotics and receiving pharmacotherapy was included. Assessment of causality and severity of recorded ADRs was done using Naranjo’s scale and Hartwig Scale respectively. Results: A total 32 ADRs were recorded from 25 patients out of 60 patients. The most common ADRs were weight gain (28.13%) and insomnia (18.75%). Majority of ADRs were Probable (53.13%)on  Naranjo’s causality assessment scale and Level 4b (40.63%) on Hartwig’s severity assessment scale. The drug Aripriprazole showed maximum ADRs (34.38%). Conclusion: ADRs are frequent occurrence in patients with schizophrenia which are probable in most cases. Incidence of ADRs can be decreased and compliance as well as quality of patient can be improved by early detection and management.

Breast cancer is presently leading cause of death among women. Every year 4 among 10 women are diagnosed with breast cancer. The present study focused on assessment and development of awareness against breast cancer among the students and staff members from the various schools of Anand district, Gujarat. We had conducted breast cancer awareness sessions for the female students and staff members including early screening techniques, self-breast examinations, healthy habits and lifestyle. Before and after these awareness sessions, we had given them questionnaire based on breast cancer. Questionnaire was given to 206 participants including students and staffs who all were absolutely normal. Our results showed, out of 206 participants 91.7% and 80.6% participants who all had no idea about self-breast examination and breast cancer screening before the awareness session but after the awareness campaign, 78.2% and 76.2% participants have the knowledge of self-breast examination and breast cancer screening. To avoid breast cancer completely females should know the whole concept of breast cancer such as breast cancer types/stages, healthy habits and lifestyle, early screening techniques etc. The present study concludes that there have to be workshops, seminars and awareness campaigns for the females in rural areas to improve the knowledge and skill regarding breast cancer screening and self-breast examination.

Its large scale propagation through conventional methods is beset with many problems and its over exploitation from wild necessitates a need to develop an efficient  micropropagation  protocol  for its large scale multiplication. This valuable plant has not been studied much through in vitro technology and there are not many reports available on callus induction and hardly any report on its organogenic potential.  In the present study, callusing  was effected  from the stem and leaf segments taken from field grown mature plant on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of Naphthelene Acetic Acid (NAA ) and Kinetin ( Kn) with the highest callus growth occurring on 5.37 µM  NAA and  2.32 µM  Kn. Further addition of 15% CM and 3% glucose (instead of 2% sucrose) to the medium considerably enhanced the callus growth and delayed its browning on subsequent subculturing. The calli formed were yellowish white, highly friable and heterogenous in nature. The histogenetic differentiation in the form of tracheids occurred in all the calli followed by root differentiation on higher concentrations of  NAA( 10.74-21.48 µM )and Kn (4.65 µM) after 4-5 weeks. A low frequency shoot differentiation from leaf callus was observed on NAA (14.7µM) and Kn (2.32µM) after 8 weeks. Direct rooting from leaf and stem segments was observed on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins like Indole 3 Butyric Acid (IBA) or  NAA either alone or in combination with kinetin.

Background: The postnatal period is characterized by substantial physiological and psychological adjustments. First-time mothers frequently experience elevated stress, anxiety, autonomic imbalance, sleep disturbances, and emotional vulnerability that may adversely affect maternal recovery and infant care. Non-pharmacological interventions such as Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) and Benson Relaxation Technique (BRT) have emerged as safe and cost-effective approaches for stress management during the postpartum period. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Technique and Benson Relaxation Technique on selected bio-psychological parameters among primi-postnatal mothers. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest comparative study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, Annapoorana Medical College and Hospitals (AMCH), Salem, Tamil Nadu, from January 2017 to December 2018. Sixty primi-postnatal mothers within seven days after delivery were recruited using purposive sampling and allocated into EFT (n=30) and BRT (n=30) groups. Participants received daily 20-minute intervention sessions for seven consecutive days. Physiological parameters including heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. Psychological outcomes were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. Results: Both EFT and BRT significantly improved physiological and psychological outcomes (p<0.001). EFT demonstrated greater reductions in perceived stress (12.4±3.2 vs. 10.1±2.9), anxiety (14.8±4.1 vs. 11.6±3.8), heart rate (8.0±2.1 bpm vs. 6.1±1.9 bpm), and blood pressure compared with BRT. Between-group differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both EFT and BRT effectively improved bio-psychological parameters among primi-postnatal mothers. EFT exhibited superior efficacy in reducing stress and anxiety and enhancing physiological relaxation. Incorporating these interventions into routine postpartum care may improve maternal well-being and recovery.

Background: Total thyroidectomy is increasingly used for treating bilateral benign thyroid diseases, but it requires ongoing levothyroxine replacement therapy to prevent hypothyroidism. Heterotopic thyroid auto transplantation was suggested to eliminate this need and preserve the body’s thyroxin synthesis. However, limited data exists on this topic. Previous studies on animals have shown successful auto transplantations, but limited clinical trials have used cryopreserved thyroid autografts, with insufficient number of studies and patients, and inconsistent study procedures. Aim and objectives: The purpose is to assess the positioning of thyroid tissue in the thigh muscle following total thyroidectomy for benign simple nodular goiter, with the goal of avoiding the need for lifetime thyroid hormone replacement medication and preserving the autoregulatory mechanism of thyroid hormone production. Methods: We performed a case series analysis on a group of 30 patients who were diagnosed with multinodular goiter and were being considered for complete thyroidectomy. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: group A (consisting of 15 patients) who were administered 5 g of healthy non-nodular thyroid tissue, and group B (also consisting of 15 patients) who were administered 10 g of the same tissue. The viability and efficacy of heterotopic auto transplanted thyroid tissue were evaluated using hormonal analysis and ultrasound imaging of the thigh (the location of the transplanted thyroid graft) at 2, 6, and 12 months after the surgery. Results: The study found no significant difference in radioactive iodine uptake between group A and group B, but significant differences in free T3, T4, TSH levels, and pulse after the 2nd, 6th, and 12th months. The processing and injection time range for auto transplanted thyroid tissue was 18-20 minutes, with no immediate or delayed problems. Conclusion: Thyroid auto transplantation involves injecting a suspension of thyroid tissue, resulting in increased thyroid hormone levels. Larger implants absorb isotopes more, but not hormone levels. The process is safe, effective, and efficient, with superior outcomes in younger individuals. The process improves over time.

Streptococcus gordonii are one among the early colonisers of tooth surfaces of humans and are present in coronal plaque, gingival crevices and buccal and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces. One of the main virulence factor that is involved in S. gordonii adhesion and coaggregation is ScaA protein. Inactivation of scaA genes resulted in both impaired growth of cells and inhibition of Mn2+ intake. Thus the inhibitors of ScaA protein can act as an effective drug against S. gordonii especially in the prevention and treatment of infective endocarditis and dental caries. The three dimensional structure of ScaA protein is predicted by homology modelling. It is the method to determine 3D structure of protein with the help of 3D structure of homologous proteins. Softwares used are Modeller 9.11 and Easy modeller 2.0 GUI. A total of 500 ligands in 2D format were derived from myricetin with the help of software ACD chemsketch. Rapid virtual screenings of these compounds were performed in the docking tool iGEMDOCK v2.0. Based on the binding energy a total of three ligands were selected for the further study. Three ligands thus generated possessed very good docking energy. Thus three ligands with good inhibitory properties were generated among which 5-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-8aH-chromen-2- yl]benzene-1,2,3-triol, a novel compound is found to be very excellent drug candidate based on the molecular docking studies and its ADME properties.

Background: Hypertonic saline (HS) may enhance bronchodilator response in asthma by improving mucociliary clearance and reducing airway edema. This study compared the efficacy of salbutamol nebulization with 3% HS versus 0.9% normal saline (NS) in children with acute asthma exacerbations. Methods: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 50 children (6–12 years) with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations. Patients received three doses of nebulized salbutamol with either 3% HS or 0.9% NS at 20-minute intervals. Clinical parameters, including respiratory rate, retractions, SpO₂, and Pediatric Asthma Score (PAS), were assessed before and after treatment. The need for additional interventions was recorded. Results: The HS group showed significantly greater improvements in PAS, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. Retractions and wheezing decreased more in the HS group, with fewer patients requiring systemic corticosteroids or magnesium sulphate. Conclusion: Salbutamol nebulization with 3% HS provided superior clinical benefits compared to NS, leading to faster symptom relief and reduced need for additional therapy. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.