Objectives: To measure the Pulmonary artery systolic pressure of patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease using Echocardiogram. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, Patients seeking medical attention at Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Post Graduate Institute, who have been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease from April 2021 to September 2022 were included. Patients who attend the Emergency/OPD were asked to participate in the study. Informed written consent was taken from all the patients. A pre-structured proforma was used to record the patient data. Detailed clinical examination, Echocardiogram, Chest X ray and biochemical tests was done in all participants. Results: In present study incidence of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in patients with CKD was 53%. Mean SBP was higher in patients with PAH (149.06±14.042) than patients without PAH (147.66±13.386). However, no significant difference was obtained in terms of mean SBP among the patients with PAH as compared to those without PAH. P value of this association was 0.613. Mean DBP was significantly higher in patients with PAH (93.58±4.568) than patients without PAH (88.72±8.107). There was a significant difference obtained in terms of mean DBP among the patients with PAH as compared to those without PAH. Conclusion: It was shown that there is a substantial association between pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, with a prevalence rate of 53%. Furthermore, it was observed that the severity of PAH tends to rise as renal function deteriorates in individuals with CKD. Anemia, hypertension and left ventricular failure have been identified as risk factors associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The mitigation of these risk factors has the potential to attenuate the progression and severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), thereby leading to a reduction in the morbidity and mortality rates associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Background: The administration of lidocaine by intravenous (IV) means has been found to possess analgesic, antihyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory characteristics. The utilization of lidocaine infusion during laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures has been shown to decrease the need for analgesics and anesthetics. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of administering lidocaine during surgery on the need for opioids, anesthetics, and neuromuscular agents, as well as the occurrence of adverse effects in individuals with a high body mass index who are undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Materials and Methods: The present study is a prospective, randomized, double-blinded investigation carried out in a tertiary hospital. Out of the initial cohort of 38 participants who were recruited in the research, a total of 33 individuals successfully concluded the study. This reduction in sample size was mostly due to cancellations and conversions to open surgery. The remaining participants were divided into two groups: the control group (C) consisting of 16 individuals, and the lidocaine group (L) consisting of 17 individuals. Patients from both groups were administered the test medication, either lidocaine or normal saline, as a bolus of 2 mg/kg during the induction phase. This administration was followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 2 mg/kg/h throughout the surgical procedure, which concluded 30 minutes after extubation. The study involved an analysis of the patients’ perioperative analgesic, anaesthetic, muscle relaxant need, and side effects. Results: The average visual analogue scale (VAS) score during the first- and second-hour following surgery was lower in the group that received intravenous lidocaine infusion compared to the control group. Specifically, the VAS scores were 7.5 ± 7.8 and 10.5 ± 11.8 in the lidocaine group, and 12.5 ± 8.1 and 23 ± 24.6 in the control group, respectively.  The lidocaine group exhibited a reduction of 43% in the intraoperative opioid need. The lidocaine group had a 53% reduction in the cumulative dosage of rocuronium. There was no discernible disparity observed in the sedation ratings between the two groups, and no untoward effects were reported in either cohort. Conclusion: The study presents evidence supporting the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine infusion as a supplementary method for administering anaesthesia, resulting in reduced requirements of opioid, anaesthetic, and neuromuscular blocking drugs.

Introduction: A supraclavicular block is often recommended for surgeries conducted on the upper limb not involving the shoulder. The supraclavicular block is a safe regional anaesthesia technique associated with rapid onset and reliable anaesthesia. Aim: The present study was conducted to compare the clinical effectiveness of supraclavicular block using ropivacaine (0.5%) and bupivacaine (0.5%) given along with Fentanyl. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical comparative, cross-sectional study involving a total of 60 patients (30 patients in each group) aged 18 to 60 years belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status 1 or 2, admitted to JK Hospital, Bhopal. Group B received 0.5% bupivacaine and group R 0.5% ropivacaine into the supraclavicular region, by a nerve-stimulator technique along with Fentanyl. We collected data on the onset and total duration of sensory and motor block for both bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Results: The mean time for the onset of complete sensory block observed with bupivacaine and ropivacaine was 558 seconds and 402 seconds, (p = 0.004) respectively. The mean time for the onset of complete motor block observed with bupivacaine and ropivacaine was 986 seconds and 813 seconds, (p = 0.002) respectively. The mean total duration of the sensory block with bupivacaine and ropivacaine was 442 and 388 minutes, respectively (p<0.001). The mean duration of the motor block with bupivacaine and ropivacaine was 414 and 353 minutes, respectively (p<0.001). The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative heart rate, systolic & diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation were comparable among the two study groups (p>0.05). There were zero incidents of side effects or adverse events in either of the two local anaesthesia groups. Conclusion: The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly different among the participants given bupivacaine and ropivacaine. The total duration of sensory and motor block was significantly different among the participants given bupivacaine and ropivacaine.

Introduction:  In 2019, the world witnessed the outbreak of a group of viruses known as corona virus, mainly affecting lungs and the disease is termed as COVID-19.To correlate with the severity of illness, many potential biological markers are being analysed in Covid-19 patients, chiefly haematological parameters. Among this thrombocytopenia seem to be of more significance and a prognostic marker for critically ill patients. This study aims to analyse the meticulous relation between critically ill Covid-19 patients and thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. COVID positive cases admitted in Government Omandurar Medical College Hospital during the month of October 2020 were included for the study. Clinical and demographic details like age, sex, comorbidities (Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease), clinical manifestations and CBC reports were collected from medical records. A total of 1176 cases were included, comprising 803 males and 373 females. Observation and Results: Among 803 males, 186 had thrombocytopenia and among 373 females, 45 had  thrombocytopenia. The age group ranges from 7- 98 years, with peak age group at 51-60 years followed by 61-70 years. Among the comorbid illnesses, diabetes mellitus is more commonly seen compared to  Systemic Hypertension. The hematological abnormalities observed in our study are Lymphopenia (34.12%), Raised NLR (27.72%), thrombocytopenia (19.6%), neutrophilia(20.49%) and leukocytosis (17.51%). Conclusion: Compared with clinical symptoms, platelet count changes occur earlier and can be easily determined, so clinicians should pay more attention to the changes to personalize the therapeutic interventions and treatment procedures.

Background: People with essential hypertension, a form of cardiovascular disease, frequently experience end-organ injury, such as retinal abnormalities. There is a substantial correlation between dyslipidemia and essential hypertension. The relationship between alterations in the fundus and a person’s lipid profile in Bhagalpur patients with essential hypertension is not fully understood at this time. Methods: The aim of this research was to examine the connection between fundus alterations and lipid profile in Bhagalpur residents who have been diagnosed with essential hypertension. The study was conducted between October 2020 to May 2021.Patients with essential hypertension were called from area hospitals and clinics for this cross-sectional study. Retinal alterations were evaluated via fundus examinations, and lipid profile variables were analysed per protocol in the lab. The potential relationship between fundus alterations and lipid profile was investigated using statistical methods including correlational analysis and multivariate regression. Results: Two hundred individuals diagnosed with essential hypertension (mean age of 55,6 years; 60% men, 40% women) participated in the study. Upon examination of the fundus, abnormalities including cotton-wool patches, arterial constriction, arteriovenous nicking, and haemorrhage were observed on the retina. Other modifications included patches of cotton fibre. 75% of the participants displayed retinal alterations characteristic of hypertensive retinopathy. Significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol (mean 230 mg/dL, standard deviation 40 mg/dL), triglycerides (mean 180 mg/dL, standard deviation 30 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean 160 mg/dL, standard deviation 25 mg/dL) were indicative of dyslipidemia in a substantial number of patients. Higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with more severe retinal abnormalities (p 0.001 for all three variables). Even after controlling for parameters such as age, gender, and blood pressure, the multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant (p 0.05) independent association between fundus changes and lipid profile. Conclusion: According to our results, fundus alterations are strongly linked to lipid profile in Bhagalpur patients with essential hypertension. The need of a thorough examination and therapy strategy addressing both symptoms of hypertension and dyslipidemia is highlighted by the occurrence of retinal abnormalities in these patients. The risk of cardiovascular problems from essential hypertension may be reduced or avoided altogether with early detection and treatment. To better understand the mechanisms at play here and assess the clinical consequences over the long run, more study is needed.

Background: Cholesterol-lowering statin therapy is a mainstay in the fight against cardiovascular disease. There has been some debate over whether or not statin lipophilicity increases the risk of heart failure in recent studies. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to look at the association between statin lipophilicity and incident heart failure. Methods: Electronic health records were used for retrospective cohort research. All participants had to be 18 or older, and there had to be a history of statin use. Statins were divided into two groups: highly lipophilic and less lipophilic. Heart failure rates were evaluated during a mean of three years of follow-up. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a statistical model that accounted for confounding variables. Results: Overall, the rate of heart failure was slightly more significant among those taking highly lipophilic statins (6.7 cases per 1,000 person-years) compared to those taking less lipophilic statins (5.0 cases per 1,000 person-years) in our research of 200 patients. The risk of heart failure was trending upwards with highly lipophilic statins, although this difference did not achieve statistical significance (Hazard Ratio: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.89 – 1.96). Conclusion: Consistent with previous research, this study emphasises the nuanced connection between statin lipophilicity and heart failure risk. While the observed trend was not statistically significant, the complicated nature of the association calls for additional investigation in larger, more representative cohorts. In the absence of definitive evidence, clinicians should take individual patient features into account when administering statins.

Background & Objectives: Damage to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is a commonly occurring knee injury which frequently necessitates operative intervention for restoration. The utilization of hamstring autografts is a common practice in the surgical procedure known as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The selection of graft is determined by numerous factors. There is a limited body of research in the existing literature that presents evidence of a correlation between patients’ anthropometric measurements and the size of the hamstring tendon graft utilized in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The objective of the current study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the length as well as graft diameter obtained using anthropometric measurements. Material & Methods: Study participants were hospitalized patients at the Government Medical College and Hospital of Southern India, where a prospective observational study was conducted in the Orthopedics Department. A total of 47 patients, all over the age of 18, who had quadrupled hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction, were assessed in accordance with the guidelines set by the institutional ethics committee and after obtaining informed written consent from each participant. A patient’s anthropometric parameters were taken before surgery, while intraoperative measurements of the quadrupled graft’s diameter and the lengths of the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were taken. All of the collected data was analyzed in SPSS, a statistical tool version 22. The association between graft diameter & graft length, as well as anthropometric parameters, was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. Results: The study demonstrated a affirmative association between height with both thigh length as well as graft diameter (p=0.045 & p=0.041, respectively). Both gracilis and semitendinosus length were positively correlated with height (p<0.001). Furthermore, there was a positive association between thigh length and semitendinosus length (p=0.046). No correlations between graft diameter, graft length, or any other measured variable were found to exist. Conclusion: Anthropometric parameters serve as straightforward indicators for evaluating graft size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. In the context of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), it is possible to utilize positive correlation factors such as height and thigh length to make predictions on the likelihood of achieving a superior-quality of graft.

Background: Ocular trauma is a major cause of monocular visual loss among children. The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of paediatric ocular trauma vary in different geographical locations. Various prognostic factors for final visual outcome in paediatric open globe injuries has been described by many investigators. At present, not many studies in this regard have been reported from the region where our study was conducted. The knowledge about prognostic factors give the clinician valuable inputs for counseling parents regarding the probable visual outcome that can be expected in these children. Objectives: To determine the clinical features and visual outcome in traumatic open globe injuries in children and to identify the factors contributing to a poor visual outcome. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 58 eyes of 58 consecutive patients aged less than 15 years with open globe injury over a period of 8 years. The baseline demographic data, details regarding the mechanism of injury, ocular findings at presentation including initial visual acuity and complications encountered were noted from patient records. The final visual outcome at 6 months and the factors affecting it were analysed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: This study was conducted on 58 paediatric patients with open globe injury. Open globe injury was seen more in males [79.3%] and most of them were under 10 years of age [53%]. Penetrating injury was found to be the most common mechanism of injury [93.1%]. Injury with household objects while playing was present in 72.4% of which majority were sharp objects like scissors and knives. Majority of our patients had injury in Zone 1(cornea) [69%]. A poor final visual acuity <20/200 at 6 months was found in 23 patients (39.7%). Initial visual acuity[p<0.001], wound location[p=0.021] and wound length[p=0.001], traumatic cataract[p<0.001], retinal detachment[p=0.021], endophthalmitis [p=0.005], posterior segment involvement[p=0.005] and presence of globe rupture[p=0.021] were found to be statistically significant in determining the final visual outcome[p < 0.05] on univariate analysis. On further analysis using binary logistic regression, factors like having wound length > 10 mm {AOR=32.128 (p=0.024)}, presence of traumatic cataract {AOR=43.413 (p=0.008)}, endophthalmitis {AOR=131.192 (p=0.031)} and central corneal opacity {AOR=14.395(p=0.049)}  were the independent predictors of final visual outcome in the study population. Among the factors predisposing to endophthalmitis in these patients it was found that found that injury with organic matter and contaminated wounds were most likely to develop endophthalmitis[p=0.012]. Conclusion: In our study we found that penetrating injury is the most common type of open globe injury in children less than 15 years of age. Majority of children suffered injuries with household objects. The presence of factors like wound length > 10 mm, traumatic cataract, endophthalmitis and central corneal opacity were the independent predictors of final visual outcome. The knowledge about these prognostic factors will aid the ophthalmologist in proper counseling of parents of such children. This also stresses the importance of improving parental awareness regarding eye trauma and adopting appropriate measures to avoid domestic accidents.

Background: Dermatological complications are quite prevalent in post-allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients but are often overlooked. Although several studies have been dedicated to systemic complications in post-allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients, only a few reports have been published on dermatological complications. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic study has been done to classify and compare the prevalence of various dermatological complications in post-allogeneic BMT patients. Thus, we have planned this study to develop a better insight into dermatological complications in post allogeneic BMT patients which will further help in its effective prevention, control and treatment in the future. Objectives: To study different dermatological complications in post allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. Methodology: This study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy in collaboration with the Bone Marrow Transplant unit of Maharaja Yeshwantrao Hospital, Indore from October 2020 to September 2021. All patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the Bone Marrow Transplant unit of MY hospital, Indore were included in the study. Results: The mean age of patients in the study was 7.82 years. The majority (17/37) of the patients were between 6-10 years of age. The most common indication for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the study was Thalassemia major (26/37). Dermatological complications were more frequent in patients belonging to the lower-middle socio-economic class (19/37) and patient who received BMT in the winter months from January to March (6/13). However, the association was not statistically significant. Among non-dermatological complications, the most frequent complication seen was mucositis (16/37) followed by hypertension (13/37) and veno-occlusive disease (5/37). Conclusion: Post-allogeneic BMT patients experience various dermatological disorders, including side effects of different drugs and common infectious diseases (such as herpes zoster and tinea corporis), with an unusually high frequency. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of these simple skin changes such as erythema multiforme and candidiasis may reduce SJS/TEN and septicaemia rates. Also, early intervention in paediatric transplant recipients may prevent several other diseases like skin tumours, common in adults suffering from complications.

Background: Overweight and obesity are associated with a significant burden of co-morbidities like hypertension, osteoarthritis (OA), sleep apnea (SA), type 2 diabetes mellitus, asthma, heartburn, etc. There is a paucity of well-dispersed studies to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in India. Aims and Objectives: To find out the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and various co-morbid conditions in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC). Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on a population consisting of all the adults between 18 and 60 years of age residing in Gokulpuri, located in the eastern part of Delhi. Pre-tested, pre-coded, semi structure questionnaire was used to collect data regarding socio demographic and anthropometric measurements. Results: A total of 530 subjects were included as per our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age ± SD of the study subjects was 36.84 ± 12.54 years. This study shows that obesity, measured either as BMI, WC, or percentage body fat, is associated with various co-morbidities, but the association was stronger in the case of BMI. The association of WC was also better appreciated than WHR in the case of most of the co-morbidities. The association between overweight and obesity was strong in cases of hypertension, OA-knee, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), DM type II, and OSA. However, the association of obesity with other co-morbidities like asthma, gallbladder stones, and cholecystitis could not be established statistically. Conclusion: BMI has come out as a better indicator of the risks of co-morbidities associated with overweight or obesity. It is also noted that BMI correlates better with the number of comorbidities compared to other indices. Measurement of BMI is hence recommended in such a community setting to find out the magnitude of overweight or obesity and the related health problems. However, as far as type 2 diabetes mellitus is concerned, WC is a better indicator of risk. Hence, measurement of waist circumference is worth consideration in the risk estimation of type II DM.

Background: The COVID-19 vaccine defends to resist the severe effect of coronavirus infection, but few people were uncertain to get vaccinated due to its influence on the menstrual cycle. Studies that were done to examine the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine do not include after-effects on the menstrual cycle. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the association between the menstruation cycle during the vaccination and the menstruation cycle after taking the vaccine and the irregularities in pre-menopausal and post-maturity women. Methods and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study that includes 600 pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women to investigate the relation linking vaccine and alteration in menstrual bleeding. The online survey was conducted to gather menstrual cycle data. The majority of the women were of the age group of 25-45 years of age. The inclusion criteria were women who get any type of COVID-19 vaccine, none of them expecting a baby. 300 women passed the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results: In the present study it partly confirmed the findings from earlier research that the vaccine is related to remarkable alterations in the menstruation cycle and bleeding in women. Missed periods, irregularity in the cycle, and spotting was very less significant. Following to the second dosage of the vaccination, there is a reduction in changes in the level of the menstrual cycle. It was detected that 11.2 % of post-maturation women had menstrual signs following the first dose and 37.6% of post-maturation women had signs subsequent to the second dosage. Conclusion: In this research, it was deduced that the vaccine is possibly have negative reaction on the menstrual cycle, but it is short-term.

Background: Muscle relaxant makes an important part of the balanced anesthesia, especially for abdominal surgery. Over a period of time, newer relaxants have been developed with lower side effects and better recovery profile. This study compared two relaxants – cisatracurium and atracurium, as a part of general anesthesia for the laparoscopic medical procedures. Cisatracurium is comparatively a newer agent and there is still a limited experience in its use in various fields of surgery, including laparoscopic abdominal interventions in which short-term blockade of neuromuscular conduction is usually required. It is the R-cis isomer of atracurium carrying 3-4 times more potency. Unlike atracurium, it has significantly less histamine-releasing effect and creates better hemodynamic stability. These distinctive qualities are the most significant, and according to many publications, these two muscle relaxants practically are not distinguishable from each other. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized study was conducted at Prakash Institute of Medical Sciences and research for the period of February 2023 to July 2023 included 60 patients, aged from 18 to 60 y, ASA I-III class, who underwent laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; Group C received cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg as muscle relaxant and Group A received atracurium 0.3 mg/kg IV. The mean onset time and duration of action for the two groups was done by Stockholm rules of the pharmacodynamic investigations of muscle relaxants activity. Intubating conditions, hemodynamic changes, and safety profile were noted. Result: The mean onset time and duration of action for cisatracurium were 6.48 ±0.49 minutes, 52.12 ±7.5 minutes while, for atracurium, the values were 5.18 ±0.28 minutes, 43.05 ±2.74 minutes respectively (p <0.001). Intubating conditions, haemodynamic changes, and safety profile were comparable between the groups. Recovery time following administration of cholinesterase inhibitors in the cisatracurium and atracurium group were 4.88 ±0.29 and 5.74 ±0.28 minutes respectively (p <0.001). Conclusion: Cisatracurium(0.2mg/kg) provides better intubating conditions, stable hemodynamic status and no signs of histamine release as compared to atracurium(0.5mg/kg). Thus, cisatracurium appears a better alternative for preventing undesirable effects of atracurium.

Background: The significance of providing efficient analgesia after Caesarean Section surgery lies in the fact that parturients have an elevated susceptibility to thromboembolic events resulting from immobility. Inadequate pain treatment has been linked to an increase in the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) and disruption of the breastfeeding process. The administration of ketamine at sub-anesthetic levels has been evaluated as a potential method for mitigating postoperative pain and reducing the need for analgesics after caesarean section procedures. Aim and Objectives: This research aimed to determine the degree to which sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine eased pain after caesarean delivery. Material and Methods: A total of 108 pregnant women participated in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study being conducted. They were split into three groups of 36. After 5 minutes, patients in Group C received 2 ml of 0.9% normal saline, patients in Group K1 received 0.15 mg/kg of ketamine (2 ml), and patients in Group K2 received 0.3 mg/kg of ketamine (2 ml). Postoperative pain was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the number of doses of rescue analgesic used within 24 hours and the occurrence of adverse events were recorded. The statistical methodology employed in this study was the use of methodology of Variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Significance was attributed to p-values that were less than 0.05. Results: The postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores were found to be substantially greater in the control group. On the other hand, the time before the first analgesic was needed was significantly longer in both the K1 group (mean time of 5.44 ± 1.45 hours) and the K2 group (mean time of 6.18 ± 1.61 hours) compared with the control group (mean time of 4.97 ± 1.48 hours). The K1 group and K2 group had a considerably lower overall number of doses and total dosage of rescue analgesic (tramadol) needed during a 24-hour period, with values of 194.44 ± 53.15 mg and 152.78 ± 50.63 mg, respectively, compared to group C with a value of 136.11 ± 48.71 mg. Conclusion: The administration of sub-anesthetic dosages (0.15 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg) of iv ketamine resulted in an augmentation of postoperative analgesia and a decrease in the overall intake of rescue analgesics within the initial 24 hours following caesarean section. The administration of ketamine at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg resulted in a significant prolongation of the duration until the very first request for postoperative analgesic medication.

Background and Objective: Hypothyroidism is the clinical state resulting from decreased production of thyroid hormones or very rarely from tissue resistance. Better knowledge and awareness regarding the disease in primary hypothyroidism patients can significantly improve compliance of treatment and decrease the associated morbidity. There is a paucity of data on knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) of patients with hypothyroidism in India. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of hypothyroidism among patients with hypothyroidism. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed in an outpatient attending the Department of General Medicine, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. We used a validated questionnaire to assess hypothyroidism KAP. Using frequency counts (n) and percentages (%), discrete data were summarized. Results: The mean age of patients was found to be 35.98±12.21 years. It was found that 52.9% of the patients were aware of the correct meaning of the term hypothyroidism. Regarding consequences of hypothyroidism, 54.7% of the study patients most properly recognized as weight gain (68.9%), followed by 58.5% of swelling in the neck and 54.7% of generalized weakness. All patients (100%) adhered to their medications. Conclusion: Many patients with hypothyroidism had adequate basic knowledge about the disease was observed in the study. Further, we recommend that if healthcare providers could provide patients to understand with data sheets explaining the disease or have some pictorial/pamphlets about the disease’s reality and myths will be more beneficial.

Background: Due to the rising incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, other non-communicable diseases, and the aging of the population, chronic kidney disease (CKD), considered a severe ailment, is now at epidemic levels. Aims & Objectives: This study is aimed to fill the dearth in literature in a local hospital in a developing country like India, where CKD is highly prevalent and needs a quicker, efficacious and standard interventional approach. Study Objectives were centered on comparison and narrowing of the single best outcome for particular CKD stage patients for improving their quality of life. Materials & Method: This is a retrospective study, using data from the General Medicine Department and Renal Unit Database. It included all the patients between Jan 2018 and Dec 2022 who were admitted in the General Medicine wards for treatment of CKD Stages 3a to 5. The data collection focused on parameters such as improvement and reduction rates in gross clinical variables as recorded in patient’s medical records; biochemical urinalysis reports, Complete blood count (CBC) as well as renal function test (RFT); in addition to mineral and bone disorder parameters in regression over the course of treatment such as drug therapy (I.V or I.M or Oral), dialysis and/or transplant in the in-patient setting. The findings were grouped into categories and percentages, described in ratio and proportions. Mean, median, mode for the data was calculated using univariate analysis wherever feasible and necessary. Significance was considered if p < 0.05. Results: Total 384 patients diagnosed with CKD Stages 3a to 5 were enrolled in the study. Mean age of CKD patients was 49.09 ± 12.50 years. Majority of the patients were in the 51 to 60 years age group (126, 32.8%). 78.4% were male and 21.6% were female. Furthermore, 82.6% were treated with only dialysis and these patients were categorized as Group D. Remaining 16.9% were on dialysis and anti-hypertensive medicine, 0.3% were on dialysis and antibiotics and another 0.3% were on dialysis, antihypertensives and oral hypoglycemic agents where these patients were categorized as Group O. No statistically significant difference was found between both groups when the mode of treatments were compared (p>0.05).   Conclusion: The preferred treatment modalities showed good prognosis and were all equally effective in improving the clinical condition of the patients. There was no superior or inferior mode of treatment reported.

The standard femoral artery branching pattern typically involves the common femoral artery dividing into the superficial and deep femoral arteries, followed by the lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries branching off after the deep femoral artery. The femoral artery is a vital blood vessel for the lower extremity, with the deep femoral artery serving as a critical conduit for the thigh, supplying blood to the hip joint, femur, and thigh muscles. The primary blood supplier to the hip joint is the medial femoral circumflex artery, while the lateral femoral circumflex artery provides blood to the surrounding hip tissues. Understanding variations in these arteries is crucial for vascular surgeries and lower extremity orthopedic procedures. We encountered two unique cases during cadaver dissections, one involving a tetrafurcation of the common femoral artery, and the other where the profunda femoris artery had an atypical origin behind the inguinal ligament, with distinct branching patterns. These variations are significant for clinical and surgical applications.

Background: Dehydration due to acute diarrhea remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years old, particularly in developing countries. Electrolyte imbalances play a critical role in the severity and management of this condition. This study aimed to assess the serum electrolyte profile at the time of admission of children less than five years old with dehydration caused by acute diarrhea. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 children aged less than five years presenting with dehydration due to acute diarrhea were included in this one-year study conducted at Bhagwan Mahavir Institute of Medical Sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda. Serum electrolyte levels including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) were measured at the time of admission using standard laboratory methods. The severity of dehydration was assessed clinically, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed the following serum electrolyte values in children with dehydration due to acute diarrhea: mean serum sodium level was 133.5 ± 3.8 mEq/L, mean serum potassium level was 3.8 ± 0.5 mEq/L, mean serum chloride level was 95.2 ± 4.2 mEq/L, and mean serum bicarbonate level was 17.3 ± 2.1 mEq/L. Additionally, 40% of the children exhibited hyponatremia, 32% had hypokalemia and 28% showed hypochloremia at the time of admission. Conclusion: This study underscores the significance of assessing serum electrolyte levels at the time of admission in children less than five years with dehydration due to acute diarrhea. The prevalence of electrolyte imbalances, particularly hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia was notable in this population. Timely recognition and appropriate management of electrolyte disturbances are crucial in improving the clinical outcomes of these children.

Background: Breast lumps are a common clinical concern, and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and core needle biopsy (CNB) are two commonly employed diagnostic techniques. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 150 cases of clinically palpable breast lumps was conducted in Department of Pathology, Darbhanga Medical College, Laheriasarai, Biharover a period from January 2020 to August 2020. Patients underwent both FNAC and CNB procedures, and the results were compared. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and complications associated with each technique were assessed. Results: Out of the 150 cases analyzed, FNAC yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 82%, with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 88%. CNB, on the other hand, demonstrated a higher diagnostic accuracy of 92%, with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 96%. Complication rates were minimal for both FNAC and CNB, with no major adverse events reported in either group. Conclusion: In diagnosing clinically palpable breast lumps, core needle biopsy (CNB) appears to be a more accurate and reliable diagnostic technique compared to fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

Background: Smoking is a prevalent global health concern known to have a wide range of detrimental effects on various physiological systems. Materials and Methods: A comparative research study was conducted in Department of Physiology in conjunction with Department of Pathology, Laheriasarai, Bihar over a period from January 2019 to June 2019, involving 200 participants, consisting of 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers, matched for age (21-31 years) and gender. Hematological parameters, including complete blood count (CBC) and SpO₂ levels were measured and compared between the two groups. Smoking history and habits were documented, and participants with other confounding factors affecting hematological parameters were excluded. Results: The results demonstrated significant differences between the smoker and non-smoker groups in several hematological parameters. Smokers exhibited higher mean levels of white blood cells (WBC) (7.2 ± 1.4 vs. 6.1 ± 1.2 x 10^9/L, p < 0.05) and neutrophils (4.5 ± 1.2 vs. 3.9 ± 1.0 x 10^9/L, p < 0.05) compared to non-smokers. Additionally, smokers had lower mean levels of hemoglobin (Hb) (13.8 ± 1.2 vs. 14.7 ± 1.0 g/dL, p < 0.05) and SpO₂ (96.2% ± 1.1% vs. 97.8% ± 0.8%, p < 0.05) compared to non-smokers. Conclusion: This comparative study suggests that smoking has a significant effect on hematological parameters, leading to elevated WBC and neutrophil counts, as well as lower Hb levels and SpO₂.

Background: Aspiration sclerotherapy is popular because it is economical, can be treated in an outpatient department, and patients can resume their duties on the same day of treatment. Though surgery is the gold standard, treatment is traumatic, expensive, and can cause morbidity. Method: Out of 50 (fifty) patients with hydrocele, 25 were treated surgically by Jaboulay’s procedure, and aspiration sclerotherapy (AS) was carried out by aspiration of fluid by an 18-gauge needle under aseptic conditions. 2% lignocaine was injected with a 24-gauge needle at the puncture site, the canula was left in situ, and 10% of the aspirated volume of STDs and 2% xylocaine were instilled. The aspirated fluid was sent for cytological binding, which was followed for 7 days, 1 month, and 6 months. After the procedure, the recurrence was treated surgically. Results: There were significant results in aspired volume of fluid, hospital stay, and work resumption with a significant p value (p<0.001). The recurrence of mild volume in the IS group was 8%, and 4% was gross volume cure percentage was 8.33% in 5 patients, 66.6% in 8 patients, and 100% in 7 patients. Remaining recurrences were rectified surgically. Conclusion: Aspiration sclerotherapy (AS) is safe, quick, far less costly, and reasonably effective, but recurrences require surgical intervention.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) impairs the quality of life, and high costs are incurred in the health care system. IBS focuses on diet and lifestyle management, which includes stress, emotion, and negative interpretations of social relations, which enhance the IBS symptoms. Method: 60 adult patients aged between 25-60 years with IBS symptoms were counselled with IBS-SSS, VSI, FFMQ, and PHQ-12 questionnaires and followed up for three months. The clinical variables FFMQ, VSI, and IBS-SSS were compared after 3 months. Results: Five-facet mindful Questionnaires were compared at baseline studies and after three months of treatment (follow-up). Except for the FEMQ non-react score, all MBSR variables had a significant p value (p<0.001). Conclusion: MBSR could be considered a new effective and stable efficient method in psychotherapy for irritable bowel syndrome patients.

Background: The mother’s age significantly impacts pregnancy outcomes and newborn health. Maternal hypertension, diabetes, premature birth, and low birth weight are only a few of the pregnancy issues that this study examines about the mother’s age. Public health and clinical applications are also discussed. Method: Data from 200 births were examined in a retrospective study. Maternal age was used to divide the participants into three groups: those under the age of 20, those between the ages of 20 and 35, and those older than 35. Descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and multivariate regression models were utilised to determine how much of an effect maternal age had on each outcome. Results: Maternal hypertensive disorders (16.2%), gestational diabetes (12.4%), and caesarean section delivery (36.4%) were all more common in women of advanced maternal age. In addition, the advanced-age group had significantly higher rates of both low birth weight (11.9%) and premature delivery (10.8%). Conclusion: The study’s results highlight the need for individualised prenatal treatment based on the mother’s age. Different measures are needed to reduce the risk of problems for mothers of advanced ages. Implications for healthcare practitioners and public health policy are highlighted, including the need for person-centred care and contraceptive education.

Background: The clinical significance of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine disorder, cannot be underestimated. Understanding the environmental factors in the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is crucial for making an accurate diagnosis and developing an effective treatment plan. Methods: We used a retrospective study design with 500 participants to examine the impact of environmental factors. People’s lifestyles were examined from a number of angles. Results: In our study of 500 people, there were no statistically significant differences between the PCOS and control groups with respect to age, race, or socioeconomic level. Weight gain, lack of exercise, and diets heavy in foods with a high “glycaemic index” have all been linked to polycystic ovarian syndrome.  A high glycaemic index interacted to increase the risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Our results show that PCOS is a complicated disorder with multiple contributing factors, including lifestyle. The findings might lead to enhanced criteria for making diagnoses and tailored treatment strategies. Future research must focus on the intricate relationship between environment and lifestyle.

Objective: The objective of present study was to classify and report the thyroid lesion by using the Bethesda system in reporting thyroid FNAs and To correlate cytological with histological finding and to assess the value of TBSRTC in the distribution of diagnostic categories and to evaluate the specificity of system. Material and Method: This study was prospective cross sectional study conducted for one year duration from Feb 2020 to March 2021 at Pt. JNM Memorial Medical College Raipur. A total number of 100 patients belonging to age group of 11- 80 years were include in the study. All fnac are classified according to TBSRTC and histopatholgical correlation was done with all available sample. Result: A total of 100 patients included in this study. Age ranged from 11- 80 year. Most common age group affected was 31-40 years. Mean age of patient was 38 years. Male female ratio was 1: 4. Distribution of cases according to Bethesda category was as follows: Cat I 18% Cat II 57%, Cat III 02%, Cat IV 08%, Cat V 07%, Cat VI 08%. Histopathological specimen was available in 60 sample. Histopathological diagnosis was found consistent with cytological diagnosis in 66.66% cases. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy were 76.9% and 89.4% respectively. Overall accuracy was 86.27%. Conclusion:  The Bethesda system of reporting thyroid cytopathology is a valuable classification of thyroid aspirates. It improves communication between pathologist and clinicians and surgeons. It help them to know prognosis and risk of malignancy in each category, and provides guidelines in patient management.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a complex tumor that is characterized by different molecular and biological types. Currently, there are therapeutic agents available to treat some variants of breast cancer. However, there is no universally available treatment strategy to manage different types of BC. The major concern, however, is the awareness of BC, its prevalence, awareness of symptoms, treatment and preventive measures, and medication adherence that could potentially contribute to improved quality of life and better outcomes. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, perception, and practice of medication and identify the factors that affect medication adherence among BC patients. Methods: This prospective questionnaire-based study was carried out among 51 women who were diagnosed with BC. The subjects were assessed for various factors that influenced adherence. The factors assessed included family type, reaction to the diagnosis, treatment place, co-morbidities, following instructions, who reminded of taking medication, feeling after medication, taking medication while traveling, who was accompanied on follow-up, asking doubts, feeling like stopping treatment due to cost, felt like stopping treatment due to travel constraints, communication from/with the hospital. Results: Of the total 51 women included in the study, the age was 51.47±11.76 years. More than half (58.2%) of the BC women in this study showed medication adherence. Among the variables assessed for their influence on adherence, feeling after taking medication (p=0.010), medication while traveling (p=0.001), cost associated with medication (p=0.001), and travel-associated factors (p=0.001) significantly influenced medication adherence. Conclusions: Despite the availability of medication, women diagnosed with BC face several difficulties in following the treatment schedules. Medication adherence was greatly influenced by the positive effects of treatment and the cost associated with treatment and travel.

Objective: To study the intra-operative difficulties and complications in women undergoing Repeat Caesarean section.  Methods: An observational study was conducted collecting data from medical records of around 300 consecutive consenting subjects undergoing repeat CS in one unit in a tertiary care centre over a period of May 2019 to November 2020 after HREC approval. Results: In our study, adhesions were encountered in 22% of subjects. While opening anterior abdominal wall, adhesions were encountered between Rectus muscle and sheath in 14% of subjects and between Omentum and parietal peritoneum in 8% of subjects.2.33% of subjects had dense adhesion between bladder and uterus. Placenta previa was noted in 2.67% of subjects, out of which 1.67% had morbidly adherent placenta. Conclusion: Although morbidity related to Caesarean section has reduced markedly over the decades, there is still a definite risk associated with the surgical procedure.

Along with growing urbanization and motorization, India is undergoing a significant economic and demographic shift. Road infrastructure issues, encroachments into pedestrian-safe areas, a lack of safety engineering measures, the mix of traffic, an increase in the number of motorized vehicles, unsafe driving practices, and a lack of valid licenses are some of the factors that raise the risk of road traffic accidents in India.
The study was conducted with the aim to determine the severity of the issue in relation to various host variables.
The study was conducted in the Bundelkhand region and is the first of its kind in this area.  A prospective study of fatal head injury patients was conducted. All the statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS statistics 26.0. 31 to 50 were the most susceptible, followed by age 21 to 30. Men made up 87% of the victims in this age range. Two-wheeler riders and pedestrians made up 87% of the casualties.
The study concludes that we strongly need to record all traffic accidents nationwide; a national-level registry has to be set up.

Background: General anesthesia is used worldwide frequently for lumbar spine surgeries and when it combines with regional anesthesia, will give better result in view of recovery, analgesia and postoperative stay. Aims & Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the intraoperative hemodynamic variables, post-operative visual analog score(VAS score), time to first rescue analgesia and total analgesic requirements in patients undergoing elective one or two lumbar laminectomy/discectomy cases performed under combined epidural-general anesthesia(CEGA) and general anesthesia only. Material & Methods: This randomized controlled prospective study was conducted after taking approval from institutional ethics committee. One hundred twenty patients of either gender between 18 to 60 years, weighing 50-70kg, of ASA grade I & II, undergoing one or two segment lumbar laminectomy/discectomy surgery were included. Patients were divided in two groups of 60 each. In Group CEGA, all patients received epidural(single injection of 11ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 1ml (50 µg) of fentanyl was injected epidurally, after confirmation of epidural space by hanging drop method)in sitting position then general anesthesia was induced with standard protocol and Group GA, patients received general anesthesia alone. Patients were monitored for Heart rate(HR), Mean Arterial Pressure(MAP), and Peripheral saturation(SpO₂), before induction (baseline), after placing patient in prone position, at the time of incision and 5 min interval thereafter, throughout the procedure. All the surgeries were carried out by a single surgeon. Anesthesia induction, maintenance and monitoring were carried out by a single anesthesiologist. VAS score was evaluated by an anesthesiologist posted ICU, at the time of arrival in the PACU, and 15 mins, 30 mins, 1 hour, 2 hours, 6 hours, and 24 hours thereafter. Time for first rescue analgesia & Total analgesic drug used in 24hr postoperatively was noted. Result: We found that intraoperative heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were more stable in Group CEGA, receiving combined epidural and general anesthesia. Post-operative pain and total analgesic requirement was significantly less (p value <0.0001) in Group CEGA as compared to Group GA. Conclusion: It can be concluded that single epidural injection of bupivacaine with fentanyl in patients undergoing general anesthesia prolongs analgesia, reduces severity of pain post-operatively and helps in providing stable hemodynamics throughout intraoperatively.

Background: Thyroid enlargement, or goitre, is a common clinical ailment with many causes and presentations. The purpose of this retrospective study is to better understand the clinical importance and public health consequences of thyroid enlargement by examining its etiological and clinicopathological characteristics in a population of 200 people. Methods: The Hospital’s electronic medical records were reviewed in a retrospective study. Patients of any age or gender who had evidence of thyroid enlargement met the inclusion criteria, while those with missing data or a prior history of thyroid surgery did not. Clinical evaluations, diagnostic testing, and treatment histories were also collected with demographic data. Results: Two hundred people participated in the study, with 100 males and 100 females. Seventy participants ranged in age from 40 to 60, while another 60 were in their 20s and 30s. Autoimmune diseases (27.5% of cases) and iodine insufficiency (22.5%) were the predominant etiological causes. Most of the 150 patients had the clinical manifestation of a palpable neck lump. Dysphagia, dyspnea, and compressive sensations were also observed in the clinic. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, two forms of thyroid malfunction, were common. The significance of early detection and clinical therapy of thyroid enlargement is highlighted by these findings, which shed light on demographic, etiological, and clinical aspects of the condition. Conclusion: The findings of this retrospective study add to our knowledge of thyroid enlargement and highlight the critical nature of managing autoimmune illnesses and iodine insufficiency. The incidence of palpable neck masses highlights the clinical need for careful assessment. Research involving bigger and more diverse groups is required to clarify further understanding and guide methods for the prevention and treatment of thyroid swelling.

Background: Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) is a common condition among postmenopausal women that has a devastating impact on their quality of life. The purpose of this retrospective cohort investigation of 300 postmenopausal women is to better understand the prevalence and potential risk factors for POP. Methods: Interviews, surveys, and medical records were used to compile data on age, BMI, hormone therapy, parity, and lifestyle factors. We conducted statistical analysis using chi-squared tests, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results: The percentage of postmenopausal women with POP was determined to be 45% in our study. In our analysis of POP severity using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) technique, we found that 25% of women had anterior compartment prolapse (cystocele), 15% had posterior compartment prolapse (rectocele), 5% had uterine prolapse, and 10% showed vaginal vault prolapse. Conclusion: To properly assess and counsel postmenopausal women, healthcare clinicians must have a firm grasp on the complex nature of POP. This research emphasizes the importance of individualized interventions, including lifestyle changes, early detection, and individualized treatment techniques, to enhance the health of postmenopausal women at risk for or experiencing POP.

Background: Endometriosis, a complicated gynaecological illness, is caused by hereditary and environmental factors. Here, we examine whether or not daughters who were exposed to second-hand smoke from their mothers were more likely to develop endometriosis later in life. Methods: Electronic health records were used to examine a cohort of 250 people. Endometriosis cases were documented, as was a mother’s history of smoking throughout pregnancy and while her child was an infant. Relationships were analysed using logistic regression models. Results: Results showed a dose-response association between maternal smoking and endometriosis risk. Thirty endometriosis cases were found in the control group (no exposure). There were 35 cases in the low exposure group, a 78% increase in risk (adjusted OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.03-3.07). With 45 cases, the adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for moderate Exposure was 2.35 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.32-4.18). There were 55 instances, and the risk was 212% higher in the high-exposure group (adjusted OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.67-5.81). Higher levels of Exposure in childhood were linked with a higher risk of developing endometriosis later in adulthood. Conclusion: Public health efforts should target decreasing the prevalence of smoking among mothers and improving the quality of life in early childhood because of the link between maternal smoking and endometriosis in their daughters. When calculating a patient’s endometriosis risk, doctors should factor in their exposure history from childhood.

Background: Throughout the world, many couples worry about infertility. Endometrial polyps have been identified as a possible contributor to infertility. This study uses a retrospective analysis to shed light on the complex interaction between endometrial polyps and infertility. Methods: A study was conducted on a cohort of 200 women who got fertility tests done. Medical records were analysed for demographic information, endometrial polyp status, and infertility diagnosis. Endometrial polyps and infertility were studied using statistical analysis that took patient age and body mass index into account. Results: Our research shows that endometrial polyps are significantly linked to female infertility (p<0.001). Infertility affected 40 of the 45 individuals with endometrial polyps, while only 60 of the 155 patients who did not have polyps had fertility issues. There were no significant associations between age, body mass index and the prevalence of polyps. Conclusion: Consistent with other studies, this one highlight endometrial polyps’ role in sterility issues. Screening for endometrial polyps may enhance reproductive results for infertile patients by allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment. The research adds to the expanding body of literature on the subject, supporting the value of a holistic strategy for evaluating and treating infertility.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is a complex tumor that is characterized by different molecular and biological types. Currently, there are therapeutic agents available to treat some variants of breast cancer. However, there is no universally available treatment strategy to manage different types of BC. The major concern, however, is the awareness of BC, its prevalence, awareness of symptoms, treatment and preventive measures, and medication adherence that could potentially contribute to improved quality of life and better outcomes. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, perception, and practice of medication and identify the factors that affect medication adherence among BC patients. Methods: This prospective questionnaire-based study was carried out among 51 women who were diagnosed with BC. The subjects were assessed for various factors that influenced adherence. The factors assessed included family type, reaction to the diagnosis, treatment place, co-morbidities, following instructions, who reminded of taking medication, feeling after medication, taking medication while traveling, who was accompanied on follow-up, asking doubts, feeling like stopping treatment due to cost, felt like stopping treatment due to travel constraints, communication from/with the hospital. Results: Of the total 51 women included in the study, the age was 51.47±11.76 years. More than half (58.2%) of the BC women in this study showed medication adherence. Among the variables assessed for their influence on adherence, feeling after taking medication (p=0.010), medication while traveling (p=0.001), cost associated with medication (p=0.001), and travel-associated factors (p=0.001) significantly influenced medication adherence. Conclusions: Despite the availability of medication, women diagnosed with BC face several difficulties in following the treatment schedules. Medication adherence was greatly influenced by the positive effects of treatment and the cost associated with treatment and travel.

Introduction and Objective: Since the skull is resistant to fire, mutilation, and decay, it is the ideal bone for determining the gender of the deceased. In order to determine the reliability of these indices for sexual dimorphism of the skull, the study will examine the usage of the Cranial Index, Nasal Index, and Orbital Index. Materials and Method: The study material consisted of 100 adult skulls of known sex available in the Anatomy department, GMC, Datia (M.P.) from August 2022 to January 2023 (6 months) which includes 60 males and 40 females. After positioning the skull on Frankfurt’s horizontal plane, measurements were collected. A scale, marker, spreading calliper, and Vernier calliper were the tools utilized for the measurement. Two measurements were made at separate sittings, and the average was calculated. Results: Male and female participants’ skulls had mean CIs of 74.22 and 76.12, respectively, and NIs of 48.64 and 55.42. The average OI for male and female skulls was 85.66 and 85.58, respectively. This method only allowed the nasal index to identify 32.16% of male and 5.12% of female skulls, while the cranial index could only identify 5% of male and 20.38% of female skulls. It was discovered that the nose index and the cranial index were both statistically significant (p<0.05). For males and women, respectively, the CI’s demarking points were 62.34 and 86.14. The DP for NI for men was 36.18, and the DP for women was 67.38. Because the skulls of the male and female share a large percentage of overlap, DP for OI could not be determined. Conclusion: Because so few skulls could be recognized, none of the three indices—CI, NI, or OI—promised in isolation for sex identification. The study comes to the conclusion that, in cases of sexual dimorphism of the skull, the validity of these three cranial indices is questionable.

Background: Coronavirus has been an important zoonotic pathogen for its emerging and re-emerging potential. Objectives: To evaluate adherence to COVID appropriate behaviours post vaccination among workers based on risk level against COVID-19 infection at workplace. To identify AEFI post-COVID vaccination among vaccinated subjects. Methods: It was an Observational study was conducted under the Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Datia among COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients of different Occupations, over a period of three months, after obtaining informed consent. The total sample size required for carrying out the present study is 384 and online data collection was done using snowball sampling method. Results: Of the total number of participants, over half (55%) fell into the low-risk exposure category, and over 45% were in the medium to very high-risk exposure category for the COVID-19 in their line of work. Of the total individuals included in the study, men made up more than half (51.2%) and women made up slightly less (48.8%). Of the total participants, 78.3% practice frequent hand washing for at least 20 seconds, followed by 18.2% who practice hand washing sometimes and 3.6% who do not wash their hands at all. Conclusion: It is important to maintain public knowledge of AEFI, AEFI reporting, and adherence to COVID-appropriate practices even after vaccination.

Background: Patellar fractures are a common yet significant injury affecting the knee joint’s extensor mechanism, with varying etiologies and treatment modalities. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 63 patients with patellar fractures at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. The study assessed the demographic and clinical profiles, including the mode of injury, fracture type, and treatment procedures. Results: The cohort consisted predominantly of males (61.9%), with a mean age of 49.9 years. The majority of injuries were due to RTAs (55.6%). Transverse fractures were the most common type (55.6%), followed by comminuted (stellate) fractures (31.8%). Tension band wiring (TBW) was the primary surgical procedure performed (66.7%). No significant associations were found between fracture characteristics and sex, age, or occupation. Conclusion: Patellar fractures commonly affect males in their middle ages and are often the result of high-velocity impacts such as RTAs. Transverse fractures are the most frequently encountered, with TBW being the preferred treatment. The lack of association with sex, age, or occupation suggests that patellar fractures may be more influenced by extrinsic factors.

Background: Threatened abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to complications that may adversely affect both maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study aims to understand the effect of threatened abortion in the current pregnancy on subsequent maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: A total of 150 patients with threatened abortion were assessed. Outcomes measured included the incidence of abortion, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), preterm labor, low birth weight (LBW) babies, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and maternal complications. Results: Of the 150 patients, 29 were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 121, 28 (21%) underwent abortions and 96 reached full term. The study found: The highest frequency of patients was in the age group of 28-32 years (38%). Most patients were multigravida (61%) compared to primigravida (39%). Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) was seen in 25% of mothers with first trimester bleeding, with 29% resulting in preterm babies. Pre-eclampsia was observed in 15% of mothers, and 33% underwent LSCS. Placental complications were noted in 11% of the cases, with placenta previa and accreta being the most common. Conclusion: While the type of bleeding appears to be a significant predictor for poor pregnancy outcomes, the gestational age at which it occurs doesn’t seem to significantly impact the pregnancy’s outcome. It is imperative to provide intensified prenatal care for pregnancies post-threatened miscarriage to optimize outcomes.

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a dermatological disorder characterized by the autoimmune-mediated impairment of hair follicles, resulting in the manifestation of hair loss in one or multiple circular patches on the scalp or various anatomical regions. The potential association between ischemia-modified albumin (oxidative stress biomarker), and metabolic syndrome remains unexplored in existing scientific literature. Aim: The goal was to determine whether metabolic syndrome was present in AA patients and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), visfatin and sd-LDL were raised. Subjects and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was undertaken within a hospital environment, encompassing AA patients as well as a control group. This study comprised a group of 70 patients diagnosed with AA and an equal number of 70 healthy controls. The participants were carefully selected to ensure matching in terms of sex, age, and body mass index. The evaluation of laboratory and clinical variables related to metabolic syndrome was conducted in all subjects included in the study. Furthermore, the concentrations of visfatin, IMA, and sd-LDL were assessed and subjected to comprehensive analysis in correlation with the disease pattern, severity, and chance of reappearance. Results: IMA and adjusted IMA levels were found to be significantly elevated in comparison to the control group. Patients presenting with positive pull test findings exhibited significantly increased levels of adjusted IMA concentrations. In the present study conducted within the AA group, a statistically significant positive correlation was identified between adjusted levels of ischemia-modified albumin and waist circumference. Similarly, a significant association was observed between triglyceride and adjusted IMA levels, as well as between adjusted IMA levels and sd-LDL levels. No statistically significant differences were observed in the visfatin, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and sd-LDL levels among healthy controls and the patients. Conclusion: AA patients and the control group showed identical metabolic profiles. Elevated adjusted IMA have been observed to possibly be associated with an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants, thereby potentially increasing the susceptibility to cardiovascular disease.

Background: Hyponatremia is linked to a higher likelihood of mortality and morbidity, as well as extended hospitalization, in individuals with various medical conditions. Nonetheless, no previous study has examined hormone levels in emergency department patients with hyponatremia. In this retrospective analysis, we focused on patients transported to our department to explore the connection between the presence of hyponatremia and hormone levels during their hospital stay. Methods: The criteria for inclusion encompassed all patients who had their serum sodium, renin, and aldosterone levels assessed while hospitalized. Additionally, we documented the levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), thyroid hormones (including thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], free T3, and free T4), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol if these hormones had been evaluated. Exclusion criteria pertained to patients who underwent hormone assessments but passed away as outpatients. The subjects were categorized into two distinct groups: the Hyponatremia group, consisting of patients who developed hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L) during their hospital stay; and the Control group, consisting of patients who did not experience hyponatremia. Results: Hyponatremia patients had significantly lower sodium levels than control patients (136.55 mEq/L vs. 141.96 mEq/L, P = 0.012). Hyponatremia patients had significantly higher renin levels than control patients (6.18 ng/mL/h vs. 0.89 ng/mL/h, P = 0.041). Hyponatremia patients had a trend towards lower aldosterone levels than control patients (12.47 pg/mL vs. 9.12 pg/mL, P = 0.085). Conclusion: The findings of the study suggests that the hyponatremia in these patients is not likely caused by other factors, such as hypokalemia, thyroid dysfunction, or heart failure.  Overall, these findings suggest that hyponatremia in critically ill patients is likely to be caused by a defect in the RAAS.

Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) negatively impacts patient outcomes, making it a significant problem in healthcare facilities such as tertiary care hospitals. For efficient infection prevention measures and patient care, knowing the MRSA infection rate in these facilities is essential. Objectives: This investigation aims to determine the prevalence of MRSA infections at a Tertiary medical centre. To find out the prevalence of MRSA for 200 admitted patients, the rate at which healthcare workers are colonised with MRSA, threat risk factors related to MRSA acquisition, the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of MRSA isolates, and the clinical results of patients with MRSA infections. Methods: For this investigation, a cross-sectional study was used. To compile the data, medical records, samples from patients, and test results were analysed. Gender, age, clinical history, use of antibiotics, and other relevant factors were investigated. The research population consisted of 200 patients and hospital workers from various departments. Results: Around 40 person 20% of the 200 hospitalised patients were found to be colonised or infected with MRSA. 10% of the medical staff had MRSA in their colonisation. Prior hospitalisation (45% of MRSA-positive patients), invasive operations (60%) and extended antibiotic use (35% of MRSA-positive patients) were all associated with the risk for MRSA acquisition. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 70% of MRSA isolates resisted at least two cycles of treatments. An analysis of medical outcomes revealed that people infected with MRSA had longer hospital stay and a higher incidence of complications when compared to those without MRSA. Conclusion: Colonisation and infestation with MRSA are prevalent among tertiary care hospital admissions, according to the findings of this study. MRSA has been shown to colonise healthcare professionals in addition to patients, emphasising the need for strict observance of infection control protocols. Recent hospitalisation, invasive surgical procedures, and prolonged use of antibiotics all increase the possibility of contracting MRSA. Antimicrobial resistance is prevalent among MRSA isolates; therefore, it is crucial to select antibiotics with care. This study highlights the significance of surveillance, hand hygiene, and effective antibiotic use in preventing the spread of MRSA and improving patient outcomes in tertiary hospitals.

Introduction: Hepatitis B is a major global health problem and is a most serious type of viral hepatitis, which puts the people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. Approximately 30% of the world’s population, or about 2 billion persons, have serological evidence of either current or past infection with hepatitis B virus. Most people in China and India become infected with HBV during childhood. India has intermediate endemicity of Hepatitis B, with Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence between 2% and 7% among populations studied. It has been estimated that, in India of the 25 million infants born every year, over one million run the lifetime risk of developing chronic HBV infection. Every year over 100,000 Indians die due to illnesses related to HBV infection. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of HBIG and HBV vaccine in infants born to HBsAg/HBeAg positive mothers by testing for Anti-HBsAg Anibody titres, 2 months after completing immunization. To find what percentage of infants are HBsAg positive even after completing the vaccination. Methodology: Hospital based prospective cohort study of sample size 77 babies born from HBsAg/HBeAg positive mothers. Infants were given 0.5ml Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin and 10 µg recombinant DNA Hepatitis B vaccination at birth followed by 2^nd and 3^rd dose of Hepatitis B vaccination at 6 weeks and 6 months of life respectively. At the age of 8 months of life tested for HBsAg and Anti-HBs antibody. Depending on the antibody titres, infants will be classified as either responders (≥10miu/ml) or non-responders (<10 miu/ml). Data were processed using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: In LBW infants comprises 45.4% of total study subjects. Maximum babies (79.22%) were delivered by LSCS method.27.2% infants were delivered from mothers having positive for HBeAg and HBsAg.3.89% of study subjects were found to be non-responders at the end of primary hepatitis B vaccine immunization. At the end of primary immunization, all the infants were found to be negative for HBsAg. All vaccine non-responders were delivered through vaginal route(p<0.0001) which is clinically significant. Out of total three non-responders all of them were LBW babies(p<0.0001) which is clinically significant. There is no correlation between sex of the infants and maternal HBeAg status. Conclusion: This study indicate that hepatitis B vaccine in association with HBIG administered at birth provides immediate and long term protection against HB virus infection in infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers. Birth weight of infants has co-relation with vaccine response, with low vaccine response in LBW subjects as compared to normal birth weight infants. Mode of delivery also contributed to vaccine response as babies born through vaginal route had low response to vaccine as compared to babies born through LSCS.

Background: Escherichia coli is the most common pathogens that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs), affecting people worldwide. This research aimed to examine the demographic differences in pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and UTI cases in a tertiary care facility in Bihar, India. Methods: Patients at NMCH Patna who were thought to have UTIs provided 856 urine samples between September 2022 and August 2023. Standard microbiological methods were used to analyse the samples and identify the isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test for antimicrobial susceptibility, as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommended. Resistance patterns were analysed statistically to look for links to demographic variables. Results: Escherichia coli were found in the most significant number (60.32%) of the 326 samples tested positive for bacterial growth. Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.3 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.46 %), and Proteus spp. (3.9 %) were also found to be present in the isolates. Women between 20 and 39 had the highest rate of E. coli-caused UTIs (56.6%). Testing for antimicrobial susceptibility showed that Amikacin (82.7% sensitive) and Tobramycin (71.68% sensitive) were the most effective, while Amoxycillin (71.2%), Cefixime (81.4%), and Cotrimoxazole (76.2% resistant) were the least effective. Discussion: The prevalence of pathogens and the diversity of their susceptibilities emphasised the importance of individualised empirical therapy. The demographic differences highlighted by the age and gender distribution of E. coli-induced UTIs have potential implications for clinical treatment. Analyses of correlations hinted at differences in susceptibility with age, highlighting the need for individualised treatment plans. Compared to global literature, regional literature revealed shared and distinguishing features, highlighting the need for both. Conclusion: This investigation investigating pathogens prevalence and antibiotic resistance in a healthcare facility in Bihar, India, is thorough. Given the rates of resistance seen against routinely used antibiotics, it is clear that clinical guidelines need to be revised regularly. We recommend future study approaches to improve our understanding and guide more effective management measures, such as genetic analysis of resistance pathways and longitudinal studies. Constant monitoring is required to adjust to the ever-changing antibiotic resistance landscape and to maximise the efficacy of ad hoc approaches to treating UTIs.

Background: Opportunistic fungal infections are one of the most Common Health related concerns in HIV/AIDS patients particularly in low socio-economic regions such as India. The objective of this study is to prioritize the effective management and preventive measures. Materials & Methods: A retrospective evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients was conducted in a tertiary care hospital between January 2023 to August 2023. Diverse data sources including patient demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory results and therapy outcomes were collected and analysed. Results: 94 fungal isolates were isolated with the isolation rate of 44.6%. The most common species isolated were Candida (61.6%) followed by Aspergillus (22.34%), Cryptococcus (8.51%), Penicillium (5.32%) and others (2.13%). Study demonstrates that oropharyngeal thrush is the commonest clinical presentation among candidiasis followed by oesophageal involvement. Pulmonary involvement was the most prevalent form of aspergillosis followed by sinus involvement. Low CD4 cell counts were associated with a significantly increased susceptibility to OFIs. Conclusions: Oropharyngeal candidiasis was found to be the most common OFIs I among different fungal infections. This study would help to increase the awareness for clinicians to come up with right diagnosis, early treatment of these infections with the proper management of the patients especially in resource limited regions viz. India.

Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is most common life-threatening complications of cirrhosis of liver, with mortality rate of 20-40%. It’s an infectious complication in patients with ascites characterized by abrupt onset of fever, chills, abdominal pain with rebound tenderness over abdomen, leucocytosis. Paracentesis reveals cloudy ascitic fluid with many WBCs, predominantly polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). SBP is defined as the infection of previously sterile ascitic fluid without an apparent intra-abdominal source of Infection. The incidence of SBP in cirrhotic patients varies between 7 to 30% per year. Early detection of SBP is extremely valuable for patients, since the mortality rate among untreated patients is around 50%. Methods: Hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya from June 2020 to May 2021. A total of 80 adult patients of either sex having cirrhosis of liver with ascites from indoor medical departments of above-mentioned hospital is studied. A detailed history of presenting symptoms, past history, drug and personal history taken. Anthropometric and clinical examination including blood pressure (BP) measurement is carried out for each subject. Written consent taken from all participating cases. Ascitic fluid of all cases aspirated under aseptic condition, before initiation of antibiotic therapy. Cytology done for the total and differential cell count and ascitic fluid for culture and sensitivity done. All relevant blood investigations done. Result: The ascitic fluid of 80 participants was analyzed. After the analysis, the prevalence of SBP is 26.2%. The mean age of the participants in the study was 51.07 years with a standard deviation of around ±8.73 years. Among 80 participants 67(83.75%) were males and 13(16.25%) were female. Among 80 study participants 95.2% of SBP and 56.7% of Non SBP were alcoholics. Among 80 participants in the study most of them were presented with pain abdomen (61.25%) among them 90.5% of pain abdomen were having SBP. In 80 participants, 35% were having fever, among them 95.2% of fever were diagnosed to have SBP. All 21 participants of SBP had jaundice, 90.47% of SBP presented with Hepatic encephalopathy (HE). All 21 patients with SBP were in Child Pugh class C and 18.6% of Non SBP is in class C. Conclusion: The ascitic fluid was examined and the results were analysed. After the analysis, our study concludes that the prevalence of SBP is seen in 26.2% of patients with cirrhosis with ascites. Classic SBP is seen in 22.5%, CNNA in 1.2% and BA in 2.5% of patients. SBP is common in alcoholic cirrhotics. Abdominal pain, Fever and jaundice are common in patients with SBP. Child Pugh class C is risk factors for SBP.

Background and Objective: Prophylactic antibiotics are routinely used in all surgical patients. The inclusion of plastic biomaterial increases the likelihood of problems with the mesh itself, as well as other recognised complications of hernia surgery. Materials and Methods: 320 individuals were hospitalised for elective hernia surgery. Surgery was included in the study. The integrated topics were separated into two categories. groupings with an equal number of participants in each: Group A: This group’s subjects. At the time of induction, they were administered Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid (2 gm) intravenously. Group B anaesthesia: Subjects in this group were administered (2 gm) amoxycillin-clavulanic acid intravenously now of anaesthesia induction, followed by Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid (1 gramme) intravenously twice a day for two days after surgery. Results: A total of 320 people were included and sorted into groups. There are two groupings. There were 160 participants equally split between groups A and B. Out of 160 in Group A, eight participants had surgical site infection, but none in Group B. Group B. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of SSI between the two groups. (p=0.45). Conclusion: Prophylactic antibiotic use in clean elective patients remains a topic of debate. There are several debates. Two studies on antibiotic prophylaxis for hernioplasty were included in this study. Antibiotic prophylaxis courses. Single dosages of the most effective antibiotics were used. The same antibiotics were used in one group and not in the other. Prophylactic dosage in a single dose antibiotic will be effective in preventing post-operative infection.

Introduction: Despite the use of traditional decontamination procedures and protocols, atypical mycobacteria may survive in conditions that make elimination difficult. As a consequence, outbreaks caused by these bacteria might be the result of errors made during the sterilisation of laparoscopic tools. The purpose is to look into an outbreak of post laparoscopic wound infection caused by a rare mycobacterium. Materials and Procedures: A four-month institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from February 2021 to May 2021. After being diagnosed with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and pus culture on Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) medium, 14 patients were treated with the appropriate antibiotics for postlaparoscopic surgical site wound infections. Environmental samples were collected for further analysis, and the isolation rates (%) of atypical mycobacteria from these samples were calculated. Results: Atypical mycobacteria were the predominant cause of postlaparoscopic surgical site wound infections in all research individuals. Among the sources of atypical mycobacterial contamination detected during infection control inspections of operating rooms (OTs) were laparoscopic surgical instruments and disinfection (gluteraldehyde disinfectant solution). Conclusion: If the findings of regular bacterial culture on samples collected from port areas were negative, atypical mycobacteria that do not grow on routine bacterial culture should be investigated further. High indices of suspicion are indicated since quick and efficient treatment of individuals with post laparoscopic surgical site infections is critical.

Introduction: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an invasive test used to assess if a nodule is cancerous or whether surgery is required to make a conclusive diagnosis. It would be ideal to have a reliable, noninvasive approach for determining which nodules merit FNAC based on a realistic chance of physiologically relevant cancer. As a result, we compared the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) classification of thyroid nodules on ultrasound with the Bethesda System results on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Methods and Materials: Prospective research was conducted in individuals with thyroid nodules visiting tertiary care hospitals from April 2022 to December 2022 after ethics committee approval. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 100 patients in the trial after they provided informed permission. Patients who agreed to have ultrasound and FNAC had bedside imaging of thyroid nodules and ultrasound guided FNAC by a single radiologist and pathologist. The following parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, illness prevalence, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy. Results: The average SD of age was 3412.3. Females made up 74% of the population. According to the Bethesda classification for FNAC, 23 individuals have malignant lesions (Bethesda V and VI) and 77 patients have benign lesions (Bethesda V grade). At 95% CI, the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography over FNAC of thyroid nodule were 84.21% (60.42% to 96.62%) and 92.5% (84.39% to 97.20%), respectively, with an accuracy of 90.91% (83.44% to 95.76%). Conclusions: A significant relationship was found in this research between the Ultrasound (TIRADS) and FNAC (Bethesda scores) (X2- 41.74, p 0.001). At 95% confidence intervals, the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography over FNAC of thyroid nodule were 84.21% (60.42% to 96.62%) and 92.5% (84.39% to 97.20%), respectively.

Background: An intestinal stoma is a surgically generated or inadvertently formed opening of the intestinal or urinary system onto the abdominal wall. A colostomy is a connection between the colon and the skin of the abdominal wall, while an ileostomy occurs when the ileum is externalized on the skin of the abdomen. Objectives: (1) To study different types of intestinal stomas, their indications. (2) To study various complications that occurred after the construction of intestinal stomas. (3) To study the ways how these complications can be minimized and managed in a better way. Material & Methods: Study Design: A prospective observational study. Sample size: 30 cases were included in our study. Sampling method: Simple Random sampling method. Study tools and Data collection procedure: Patients with postoperative complications of intestinal stomas who had ileostomy or colostomy either electively or in an emergency scenario were included in the research. The indications for stomas, whether temporary or permanent, end or loop or double barrel, ileostomy or colostomy, and their consequences were documented. Patients were followed up on for roughly 6 months after surgery or until the stoma was revised for early and late postoperative problems and their complications were documented and analysed. Results: Ileostomy (76.66%) was the most common kind of stoma (23 out of 30), followed by colostomy (7 out of 30) (23.33%). Loop ileostomy was done on ten patients, end ileostomy on seven, and double barrel on six. The most common procedure was end colostomy, which was followed by descending loop colostomy in 1 patient. and return to regular activities, predict pouching system wear periods, and avoid surgical problems.

Background: The history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Correia and Conn invented the concept in 1975. The phrase was used to differentiate this kind of illness from surgical peritonitis. Although many patients with SBP have an infection (e.g., urinary tract infection or pneumonia), they are classified as having SBP until the illness needs surgical intervention. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of SBP, its clinical profile, clinical course, and microbiology, as well as its responsiveness to therapy and short-term prognosis. Materials and Procedures: Cross-sectional research conducted at a hospital. The research was carried out in the Department of General Medicine, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, and Karnataka. The study period is from April 2021 to March 2022. Patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascitis of various aetiologies admitted to medical wards comprised the study population. Our research included a sample size of 100 patients. Method of sampling: Simple random sampling. Prior to the start of the research, authorization was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Study aids and Data collecting procedure: All of the patients who were chosen received a full history taking on their etiological symptoms. A thorough physical examination was performed to search for the numerous stigmata and symptoms of cirrhosis complications. Results: A total of 22 individuals with spontaneous asciticfluid infection were treated in the hospital and were discharged with oral norfloxacin prophylaxis 400mg Bid and were subsequently followed up on for 6 months. Conclusion: Based on our findings, SBP is a prevalent and recurring consequence of cirrhosis. The most frequent sign of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is fever. Hepatic encephalopathy is a prevalent symptom in SBP patients. Bad Renal failure, high serum bilirubin, low total blood proteins, and low ascitic fluid protein content are all prognostic indications in SBP.

Breast abscess is a typical problem for both the surgeon and the patient. Breast abscess may be treated in a variety of ways. We conducted a prospective research on the primary closure of a breast abscess in situ using a suction drain after incision, drainage, and curettage. Over the course of 34 months, 38 patients were included in the research. The third decade was shown to be the most prevalent age group. The most prevalent risk factor was lactation. The most prevalent organism in pus was Staphylococcus aureus. The average length of stay in the hospital was just 4.18 days. The average duration for recovery was 12.03 days (range: 3-16 days). A comparison of other comparable research was performed. We found that primary suturing after incision and drainage with curettage is a better technique for a big breast abscess and should be done whenever feasible to avoid patient morbidity and pain.

Introduction: As surgical procedures for hernia repair have advanced, tension-free surgery using a prosthetic mesh has become the standard of treatment in herniorrhaphy. There are various benefits to laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery versus open treatment. As a result, laparoscopic Trans abdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and completely extra peritoneal (TEP) methods are often employed. As a result, pain and incision-related concerns were decreased. Many surgeons have successfully conducted single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), which was aimed to reduce the invasiveness of standard laparoscopy. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness and safety profile of traditional completely extra-peritoneal and single-incision multiple port laparoscopic completely Extra Peritoneal inguinal hernia management. Methods: Patients who attended our hospital’s outpatient department were included in this prospective research. The patients scheduled for inguinal heria repair were studied to compare their treatments. Patients were offered single-incision multiple port laparoscopic completely Extra Peritoneal (S-TEP) or conventional completely extraperitoneal (C-TEP) surgery based on their age (groups of 40 and >40 years), side of hernia (direct/indirect), and unilateral vs bilateral types. Before the surgical operation, baseline data were established, and complications and safety were measured thereafter. The statistical analysis was carried out across the groups. Results: In order to assess surgical outcomes and cosmetic outcomes, 35 patients from the S-TEP group and 35 patients from the C-TEP group were matched equally. S-TEP for unilateral and bilateral hernia repair had a significantly longer mean surgical time (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003) than its conventional equivalent (C-TEP). The average blood loss in both groups was comparable (P = 0.1). There were no damage to the spinal cord or nerves in either group. The research also discovered that 2 (5.7%) of the S-TEP patients received conventional laparoscopy but no open conversion. The S-TEP group’s mean pain score (VAS) was initially considerably greater (p0.05), but it was comparable on the seventh day. Conclusion: The research concludes that SILS has the potential to provide patients with improved aesthetic outcomes, reduced discomfort, and more patient compliance. The VAS score for the single incision method revealed no benefits in terms of cosmesis or discomfort. Other secondary outcomes, such as postoperative pain (VAS), blood loss, complications, conversion, and duration of hospital stay, showed no statistically significant difference.

Background: The use of antibiotics has reduced the number of complications associated with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). However, irrational usage may lead to antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic indiscriminate usage has resulted in variance in the antibiogram of organisms causing CSOM. The goal of this research is to look at the pattern and sensitivity of microorganisms in CSOM patients.
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional research was conducted on 70 CSOM patients. A detailed history, general examination, and ear examination were performed. A sample of pus was extracted and forwarded to the Microbiology section for culture and sensitivity testing. Reports were gathered and entered. Results: Growth was seen in 85.7% of the 70 ear swabs tested. Only bacterial growth was seen in 57% of the cases, whereas only fungal growth was observed in 8.5%. Bacteria and fungus were found in 20% of the samples.Staphylococcus aureus was found in 40.7% of the 54 bacterial isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 27.7%. Aspergillus was found in 60% of the 20 fungal isolates and Candida in 40%. Eight of the 22 staphylococcus aureus strains tested positive for amoxyclav. Seven of the 15 instances of pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to ceftazidime. Ceftazidime was effective in 50% of the klebsiella patients. Half of the four E. coli infections tested positive for azithromycin. Conclusion: Staphylococcus species is the most common pathogen in CSOM, and Amoxyclav was determined to be the most effective antibiotic, followed by Gentamicin. Because organisms are growing more resistant to popular antibiotics, a swab from the discharged ear for culture and antibiotic sensitivity is critical in order to pick the proper antibiotic to avoid resistance.

Background: The prevalence of bile stones in India is estimated to be approximately 4%. This frequency is seven times greater among north Indians than among south Indians. In Western nations, the prevalence might reach 10-15%. The majority of them (>80%) are asymptomatic. Every year, around 1-2% of asymptomatic people develop symptoms that need surgery. Aim: To investigate the age and gender distribution, varied forms of presentation, kinds of gall stones, available therapies, and outcomes. Materials and Procedures: A prospective observational study was used in this investigation. The research was carried out in the surgery department of the SCB Medical college and Hospital, Cuttack. The study period is from April 2022 to March 2023. Patients with gallstones admitting to general surgery wards and undergoing cholecystectomy comprised the study population. Our research includes 30 instances as a sample size. Method of Sampling: Simple random sampling. Prior to the start of the research, authorization was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Procedure for data collection: Demographic information such as age, gender, name, and employment are recorded; clinical symptoms of presentation with duration, related complaints, previous medical and surgical history, personal history such as food history, OCP use, alcohol intake, and family history are also recorded. Statistical Analysis: The data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2016. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to depict data on a continuous scale. Numbers and Percentages were used to express categorical data. Graphs and tables were used to display the results. The P value and degree of freedom were computed and evaluated. Pearson’s Chi Square test was used to demonstrate relationship between components, with p 0.05 regarded statistically significant. Observations and Results: The major investigation of choice was USG abdomen, which was performed on all patients included in the research. Multiple stones in the United Kingdom were the most prevalent finding in this research, accounting for 67% of cases. In the United Kingdom, 30% of cases had a single stone. In 17% of instances, the gall bladder wall was thickened. Cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in one case (3%). Conclusion: In expert hands, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is regarded the treatment of choice in these individuals because it has superior results and is linked with less postoperative problems and morbidity. If severe adhesions or inflammation are discovered during laparoscopy, the patient should not be afraid to convert to an OC.

Background: Minimal access surgery (MAS) are revolutionary in the surgical domain. Setting a laparoscopic facility in a CHC (Community Health Centre) from the scratch with minimal infrastructure and well trained staff was challenging. Laparoscopic surgery has become the standard treatment modality for many conditions like gall stone diseases and recurrent appendicitis .But still in India laparoscopic procedure are not routinely carried out in rural setup. Aims and Objectives: Awareness among rural people regarding the new modalities of treatment over conventional one. Materials and Method: A retrospective study was conducted in a CHC, of a village in Odisha. 36 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery of which 22 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 14 underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for gallstone disease and recurrent appendicitis respectively. The preoperative, intra operative, postoperative findings were noted and assessed. Patients are followed up for a period 6 months. Results: MAS is better in terms of analgesic requirement, postoperative hospital stay,SSI with better cosmetics and duration of surgery. It can be a cost effective alternative. Conclusion: In rural India, patients have to borrow money or sell their assets to have treatment, and three fourths of them are impoverished by it. The advantages, such as less pain, quick recovery, short hospital stay and less blood loss make minimally invasive surgeries like laparoscopic surgeries the ideal solution for patients in remote rural areas. However challenges like inadequate skilled staff, limited resources makes MAS out of reach from many villages.

Background: There exists a correlation between obesity and decreased functionality as well as heightened pain both prior to and during complete hip or knee replacement surgeries (THR or TKR). This study conducted an analysis on a substantial and representative cohort of individuals in medical college. The goal was to look at any possible relationships between being obese and changes in pain thresholds and functional ability both before and after surgery. Methods: Between January 2019 and December 2022, information was gathered from 129 TKR (total knee re-placement) patients and 120 THR (total hip replacement) patients. The information included body mass index (BMI) classification, which divides patients into different weight groups, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores for function for joint pain assessment. Results: The average age of total hip replacement (THR) recipients was 65 years, with 59% being female, 94% of white ethnicity, and 13 percent severely or morbidly obese. Higher obesity levels were associated with poorer Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores both preoperatively and six months post-surgery, particularly in severely and morbidly obese patients. More obesity correlated with increased initial pain, but greater pain relief after surgery, resulting in similar postoperative pain scores regardless of BMI. The average age of total knee replacement (TKR) patients was 69 years, with 60% of them being female, 92% being Caucasian, and 24% be-ing extremely or morbidly obese. Obesity was linked to lower PCS scores before and after surgery, but postop-erative PCS score improvement did not significantly differ by BMI. Initial pain increased with higher obesity levels, but pain relief at the 6-month mark equaled out, leading to similar pain scores among different BMI cat-egories. Conclusions: Severe or morbidly obese individuals reported significant functional gain and great pain relief six months following total joint replacement (TJR), which was consistent with other patient findings. Even while obesity raises the likelihood of early problems, obesity shouldn’t be a barrier to receiving TJR to reduce symp-toms.

Background: This frequent pediatric musculoskeletal infection, Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis, can change the way bones normally form and increase the chance of a fracture that is pathological. The purpose of this research was to assess the pathological fracture risk factors in children with osteomyelitis. Methods: Between January 2020 to December 2022, sixteen children received treatment in a tertiary-care hospital for a pathological long-bone fracture brought on by osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The 48 children in the control group, who matched in terms of methicillin susceptibility, age, and sex and had osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus but did not have a fracture, were contrasted with the patients. Results: At a mean age of 8.6 years, those who fractured presented with osteomyelitis. Of the sixteen people, two had methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and fourteen had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. It took an average of 71.1 days from the start of the illness to the fracture. There were notable differences in the length of hospital stay, The quantity of surgeries, duration of antibiotic treatment, and overall number of issues among each of the groups. MRI scans performed on the patients who had fractures at the time of admission showed a markedly higher frequency and circumferential size of subperiosteal abscesses. Also, more common in these patients was a conspicuous zone of unusually reduced marrow enhancement. Conclusions: A dangerous condition called Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis can put kids at risk for pathologic fractures. It is recommended that children who fit the risk parameters described in this study for Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis be kept safe when bearing weight and have limited physical activity.

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a prevalent polymicrobial infection and one of the leading causes of abnormal vaginal discharge in sexually active women of reproductive age. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the prevalence of vaginal infections in women aged 15 – 50 years who are seeking care at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, primarily due to complaints of increased vaginal discharge. Methods: This prospective study had prior approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Women were enrolled following local ethics committee guidelines and with informed consent. Questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic, behavioral, medical, reproductive, and sexual history. Patients with noticeable vaginal discharge in the Outpatient Department were assessed for inclusion. They were questioned about their symptoms, discharge characteristics, itching, medical history, and prior treatments before undergoing a physical examination. Results: In the present study of the 100 cases BV was found in high frequency in the age group 31-40 years (59%) followed by 21-30 years (27%),41-50 years (9%), and lowest in 15-20 years (5%). Vaginal candidiasis was highest in 21-30 years (46%) followed by 15-20 years (35%),21-40 years (32%) then by 41-50 years (11%). Trichomoniasis was highest in 31-40 years (57%) followed by 41- 50 years and 21-30 years (28%). N. gonorrhea was highest in 41-50 years (75%) followed by 21-40 years (25%). Mixed infections were detected in 41-50 years (50%) followed by 21-30 years (33%) then 41-50 years (16%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of BV is linked to hygiene habits and sociodemographic factors, emphasizing the need for structured healthcare education programs to reduce its incidence and guide resource allocation for future interventions. Among 100 cases, some showed disparities between clinical and laboratory diagnoses, often due to challenges in clinically identifying the causative agent or obscured findings from prior treatments. Therefore, it’s vital to correlate clinical and laboratory results to prescribe precise treatments.

The variations in the formation of median nerve by more than two roots are relatively common. The relation of variation of median nerve with brachialartery may have clinical implications during surgeries and nerve blocks. Materials and Methods: 13embalmed cadavers in the Department of Anatomy, DMMC, Nagpur were dissected to note the variations in the formation and relation of Median nerve with brachial artery. Results and Findings: Variations in the formation of median nerve and its relation with the brachial artery were observed in 2 cadavers. Variation was noted in the formation of the median nerve by more than two roots in one cadaver and in 1 cadaver, there was a variation in both formation and its relation with the brachial artery. Further course of the median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm. These 2 variations were unilateral in both the cadavers. Conclusion: The knowledge of the variations is important for physicians, surgeons and anaesthetists as there may be a confusion between median nerve compression in carpal tunnel and radiculopathy in case of radiculopathy. The knowledge is beneficial for performing surgeries and giving nerve blocks especially in the axilla and arm.

Background: The Pediatric Risk of Mortality III (PRISM III) score is a widely used clinical scoring system designed to assess the severity of illness and predict mortality risk in pediatric patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Developed in 1996, PRISM III builds upon its predecessors, PRISM and PRISM II, refining the predictive accuracy and clinical utility. We in this study tried to assess the pediatric mortality risk using PRISM III in the patients admitted to our hospital. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Nilofer Hospital Hyderabad. The clinical status upon arrival in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) will be documented, with emphasis on the condition at PICU arrival rather than the Emergency department arrival. For variables 1–5 (clinical parameters), the most aberrant reading in the initial 24 hours will be recorded, encompassing the monitoring of vital parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, pupillary reaction, and Glasgow Coma Scale. Laboratory parameters will include values obtained at the time of admission. Results: A total of 300 cases were included in the study. Out of patients with a PRISM III score of 7-10, 23.5% died. Out of patients with a PRISM III score greater than 10, 68.4% died. There is a clear relationship between PRISM III score and mortality. The higher the PRISM III score, the higher the risk of death. This is because the PRISM III score is a measure of the severity of illness, and patients with more severe illnesses are more likely to die. Associated factors with mortality are high in patients on ventilators with a risk of 11.2, followed by a GCS score of 7.67 risk. If  7.5 is set as the cut-off value for the PRISM III Score, then the sensitivity is 82.4 and the specificity is 62.1. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study underscores the imperative need for standardized scoring systems for pediatric critical care. The PRISM III score has emerged as a valuable tool for predicting mortality outcomes in the PICU, providing clinicians with a reliable means of assessing severity and making informed decisions.

Background: Epidemiology of dermatophytosis can direct public health policies, assist researchers in comprehending the factors that contribute to the condition, and lead to the development of more effective therapies. Objective: The purpose of this study is to use a cross-sectional design in order to assess the connection between mycological pathogens and comorbid illnesses. Materials and Methods: 102 dermatophytosis samples from patients seen in the Dermatology Outpatient Department (OPD) were handled at the Microbiology Department after receiving consent from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: Twenty-one patients were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, nine were diagnosed with hypertension, seven were diagnosed with both illnesses, fifteen patients were diagnosed with bronchial asthma, three patients were diagnosed with psoriasis, and seven patients were diagnosed with polyarthritis. Forty patients did not have any co-morbid disorders. The results of the Chi-square test have p-values that were lower than 0.001, making them statistically significant. Conclusion: We just identified the very tip of the iceberg; the growth of dermatophytosis might be better explained by many more cases. In India, the National Public Health Program is responsible for providing treatment for dermatophytes. To solve this problem, we need stricter drug regulations and increased awareness among the population. Abuse of prescription drugs and accidental overdoses committed at home may be the result of standards that are not strictly enforced.

Introduction: Because childhood overweight often persists into adulthood, a rising number of adults will be at increased risk of these conditions as well as of cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis and certain types of cancer. As a whole, the obesity epidemic constitutes a substantial decrease in quality of life and life expectancy and accounts for billions of dollars in health care spending.Insufficient physical activity and poor nutrition are widely acknowledged as the primary mechanisms underlying the rise in excess body weight. Recent studies have described geographic and socioeconomic gradients and identified aspects of children’s lifestyle, including physical and sedentary activities, as risk factors for overweight and obesity. Objective: To study the role of physical activity as influencing over weight and obesity. Materials and Methods: The present school based cross section observational study was carried out in Govt & Private schools of Mulugu Mandal, Siddipet, Telangana during the study period from January 2023 to March 2023 involving 500 high school children of age 12-16 years. Information on individual characteristics like age, gender, time spent for watching TV and outdoor games, etc. is collected. For measuring height, drop down tape measure is used whereas for measuring weight, the modern-day weight scale is used. Data was collected by using a structure proforma. Data thus was entered in MS excel sheet and analysed by using SPSS 23.0 version IBM USA. Results: Out of 250 boys, majority were from 15-15.9 years age i.e. 29.6%. Prevalence of overweight in our study was 9.8%. Prevalence of obesity was 5%. 42.8% cases sleep duration was 6-7 hours. Prevalence of snoring was 7.8%. 64% responded that they are interested in outdoor games. 13.6% children are not playing any kind of games whereas daily outdoor games were practiced by 86.4% children. Almost half of the children responded about use of electronic gadgets 43% which correlates the prevalence of overweight and obesity in our study. Conclusion: Prevalence of overweight in our study was 9.8%. Prevalence of obesity was 5%. Use of electronic gadgets, increased screen time was factors observed in our study associated with overweight and obesity.

Background: Frozen section is a process of quick frozen of specimen for rapid diagnosis. Common indications of frozen section include confirmation of malignancy, margin status evaluation and metastasis evaluation. Materials and methods: A retrospective study of frozen section cases (92 cases) was conducted at a tertiary care center. Indications for frozen section, reports of frozen section with final reports of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were analyzed. Results: Highest number of cases was carcinoma buccal mucosa followed by ovarian carcinoma and gastrointestinal tract carcinoma. Commonly indications were for assessment of lymph node metastasis, tumor confirmation and margin status evaluation. Conclusion: Frozen section is a reliable diagnostic tool intraoperatively for surgeons. Periodic review of functioning of cryostat and following all steps with utmost care can improve the accuracy of frozen reporting.

Background: Injury to the Knee joint is a very common orthopedic condition resulting in Meniscal tears and tears of anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) are resulting in unstable movements. Arthroscopy surgeries are commonly performed in such conditions minimizing the tissue trauma. A study was conducted in a tertiary care Hospital to reconstruct the ACL and manage the Meniscus tears. To determine the diagnostic values of clinical examination for Meniscal tears, individually and in combination with MRI scan and Arthroscopy which would further help in improving clinical diagnosis and management of Meniscal injuries and ACL injuries, a study was conducted. Aim of the study: To Identify, classify and grade the injuries of Menisci and ACL injuries to determine the diagnostic values of clinical examination, MRI scan and Arthroscopy and to correlate their specificity, sensitivity, Accuracy and DOR which would provide appropriate treatment plans either Meniscectomy or repair of ACL in Knee injuries. Materials: 48 patients with traumatic Meniscal or ACL injuries attending the Department of orthopedics of a Tertiary care Hospital, were included prospectively, examined clinically, investigated with MRI scan. All the patients were subjected to Arthroscopy for final confirmation of the diagnosis, repair of Menisci/ excision and repair of ACL. Individual clinical tests, composite test and MRI scan were compared one against the others to find out the sensitivity, specificity accuracy and DOR. Results: Among the 48 patients there were 31 males (64.58%) and 17 (35.41%) females with a male to female ratio of 1.82:1. The mean age in males was 34.12±3.10 years and in females it was 36.18±2.15 years. The nature of injuries were varying with sports injuries noted in 19 (39.58) patients, accidental injuries in 12 (25%), Road traffic accidents in 09 (18.75%), assaults in 05 (10.41%) and others in 03 (06.25%). In this study the composite test showed the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (91.66, 87.50% and 89.58% respectively) MRI scan showed the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 87.5% in all. The DOR was significant with all the clinical and tests and MRI scans. (p- Value less than 0.05) In patients with ACL injuries Anterior Drawer test showed the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (84.61%, 81.81% and 83.33% respectively) MRI scan showed the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 87.5% in all. The DOR was also significant with all the clinical and tests and MRI scans for ACL injuries. (p-value less than 0.05). Conclusions: The reliability of individual tests such as Apley’s test, Joint line tenderness, McMurray’s test, and 20 degrees Thessaly test showed limited reliability, but composite test which combined the joint line tenderness, Apley’s test and MC Murray’s test have shown a greatly improved diagnostic value at par with the MRI scans. In cases of ACL tears, Anterior drawer test was more accurate for predicting, its diagnosis; on the other hand, MRI scan findings showed less accuracy for predicting, their diagnosis.

Background and Aim: I-gel™ and the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) are two supraglottic airway devices with gastric channel used for airway maintenance in anesthesia. Present study was designed to compare supraglottic airway devices proseal LMA versus I-gel for evaluation of their effectiveness in pediatric patients under controlled mechanical ventilation for ease of insertion, haemodynamic stability, and changes in ETCO2 and SpO2. Material and Methods: Present study was done at Department of Anesthesia, B.J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India from February 2018 to January 2019.  A total of 50 patients of ASA grade I &II aged between 2-8 years of either sex scheduled for elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia lasting less than 60 min were selected. They were randomly divided in to two groups, Group X (pLMA group) &Group Y (I-gel group) of 25 patients each. Patients‟ vitals were measured baseline, after premedication, before induction, immediately after insertion, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min, 40 min, 50 min and 60 min. after insertion of device/ end of surgery. Intraoperatively patients were watched for any complication like tachycardia/bradycardia, hypotension/hypertension, arrhythmias, hypercarbia, regurgitation/ aspiration, hypoxia, changes in ETCO2. Results: I gel can be inserted in a significantly shorter time as compared to proseal LMA, the difference in time of insertion is extremely significant. Gastric tube insertion was easy in 84% cases, difficult in 12% cases and in 4% cases gastric tube was not able to pass even after 2 attempts. There is statistically no significant difference in perioperative vital Parameters between two groups. Conclusion: Both i-gel and LMA ProSeal are useful airway devices for short duration surgeries under general anesthesia in children under controlled mechanical ventilation. Although the LMA ProSeal takes longer to insert, the ease of insertion is comparable to that of i-gel, with minimal occurrence of complications.

Background and Aim: Accelerated platelet breakdown and decreased platelet synthesis are major causes of thrombocytopenia in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). In our study, thrombocytopenia instances were classified as hypoproductive, megaloblastic, or hyperdestructive. Our study aims to assess the prevalence of IPF and its importance in various thrombocytopenic groups, with the hope that it can be used as a new emerging prognostic marker in identifying and managing such patients. Material and Methods: 50 thrombocytopenia samples were collected and analysed. Based on the history and final diagnosis, all patients were classified as megaloblastic, hypoproduction, or hyperdestruction. In a k3 EDTA vacutainer, peripheral blood samples were obtained. All samples were analysed within four hours of being collected. All samples had their platelet counts and IPF% determined. Results: The findings revealed that 40% of the 50 cases evaluated were men and 60% were females, with a small female preponderance. The majority of patients were between the ages of 20 and 39. In the Hyperdestructive group, 27 (93.10%) of the 50 cases exhibited increased IPF, but in the Hypoproductive group, only 01 (0.09%) of the 11 cases showed increased IPF. ITP had the highest IPF%, followed by malaria and dengue. Conclusion: Immature Platelet Fraction is a straightforward non-invasive approach for calculating the proportion of reticulated platelets in peripheral blood in order to monitor megakaryocytic activity. IPF is much higher in the hyper destructive group, indicating enhanced thrombopoiesis, and its value is inversely related to platelet count in these situations.

Background and Aim: It is widely recognised that elective colorectal procedures carry a significant risk of surgical site infections (SSI). Alternately, perioperative stabilisation of microflora could be considered. The purpose of this observational follow-up study was to determine the incidence of surgical site infections in elective colorectal cases and the factors that influence such infections, in addition to assessing the burden of elective colorectal surgery at our centre. Material and Methods: The participants in the study were department-admitted individuals whose open colonic surgery was scheduled. The investigation employed various radiological examinations, including X-ray, CT scan; contrast X-ray, MRI, pus culture swabs, and probiotic bacelac PB capsules. In total, two hundred patients participated in the investigation. In accordance with standard preoperative protocol, probiotics were administered, and the occurrence of SSI was monitored for thirty days. The information gathered in this manner underwent descriptive analysis. Results: The average haemoglobin level of the subjects was 12.08 ± 4.2 ± gm/dl. Leukocyte count was 10.95 ± 5.9/l on average. The mean albumin concentration was 4.10 ± 2.97 g/l. Probiotics were administered for a minimum of three to six days prior to surgery and for a minimum of seven days following. Probiotic use persisted for an average of 13.90 ± 4.10 days. Carcinoma rectum emerged as the prevailing malignancy, affecting 50% of all malignancies and 40% of the individuals enrolled in the study. A cumulative of 68 patients underwent an ascending, transverse, descending loop or end colostomy as a palliative measure or to address partial obstruction of the large intestine caused by a distal colonic or anorectal tumour. Conclusion: Perioperative probiotic administration may reduce the incidence of infection-related complications; however, this cannot be demonstrated statistically due to a paucity of data. Additionally, early gastrointestinal function decreases the average length of hospitalisation, which improves surgical outcomes and quality of life.

Background: Sutural, Inca, and Epipteric bones are intrinsic components of the cranial structure in various mammals and reptiles. Additional ossification centres may occur in or near sutures, giving rise to isolated sutural bones. Usually irregular in size and shape, and most frequent in lambdoid suture, they sometime occur at fontanelles.  There are often only two or three, but they appear in great numbers in hydrocephalic skull. Aims and Objectives: The study aims to investigate the prevalence, sexual dimorphism, morphological variations, and clinical implications of cranial sutural, Inca, and epipteric bones in adult human skulls from Vidarbha, India. Methodology: The 430 adult human skulls were collected from various medical colleges in the Vidarbha region, each skull and recording the presence, gross incidence, and distribution of sutural bones, inca, and epipteric bones. The observations were made regarding their occurrence in specific cranial sites, suture locations, and shapes. Anthropometric measurements were taken to determine the maximum length and breadth of each bone. The sexual dimorphism and conducted statistical analyses to identify patterns and trends in the collected data. Result: In our analysis, Wormian bones were present in 34.18% of the 430 examined skulls, with 38.76% incidence in males and 25.97% in females. These bones were most frequently located in the lambdoid suture and Lambda. Irregular-shaped Wormian bones were predominant. Inca bones were found in 2.33% of skulls, with variations in type, size, and shape. Epipteric bones appeared in 18.37% of skulls, demonstrating sexual dimorphism and a range of symmetry patterns. Conclusion: In our comprehensive cranial bone study, Wormian bones were most frequent in the lambdoid suture, primarily on the left side, while Inca bones displayed variations in form and incidence, slightly higher in males. Epipteric bones at the pterion can complicate procedures.

Background: Appendicitis is the most common cause of abdomen pain in patients admitted at the emergency department. The two most common modalities in use are abdominal helical computed tomography (CT) and abdominal ultrasound (US). Aim and Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of CT in identifying appendicitis in ultrasound negative cases. Material and Method: This was hospital based observation study conducted on 120 patients, visited to Department of Radiology, Government Medical College, Siddipet, due to the right lower quadrant pain and negative USG findings, for the duration of one year, after following inclusion and exclusion criteria given bellow and also after approval of institutional ethical committee. Results: In the study we have included 120 patients, after their consent, of them majority were males followed by females. Majority of patients were from the age group of 21 – 30 years of age followed by 10 – 20 years and more than 30 years. Sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography in predicting appendicitis was 100% and 90.54% with accuracy of 94.17%. Conclusion: CT is the gold standard imaging modality to diagnose acute appendicitis in order avoid appendicectomies in this Morden era but also ultrasound can be used as the first line imaging tool in diagnosing  appendicitis.

Background and Objective: Hypothyroidism is the clinical state resulting from decreased production of thyroid hormones or very rarely from tissue resistance. Better knowledge and awareness regarding the disease in primary hypothyroidism patients can significantly improve compliance of treatment and decrease the associated morbidity. There is a paucity of data on knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) of patients with hypothyroidism in India. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of hypothyroidism among patients with hypothyroidism. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed in an outpatient attending the Department of General Medicine, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. We used a validated questionnaire to assess hypothyroidism KAP. Using frequency counts (n) and percentages (%), discrete data were summarized. Results: The mean age of patients was found to be 35.98±12.21 years. It was found that 52.9% of the patients were aware of the correct meaning of the term hypothyroidism. Regarding consequences of hypothyroidism, 54.7% of the study patients most properly recognized as weight gain (68.9%), followed by 58.5% of swelling in the neck and 54.7% of generalized weakness. All patients (100%) adhered to their medications. Conclusion: Many patients with hypothyroidism had adequate basic knowledge about the disease was observed in the study. Further, we recommend that if healthcare providers could provide patients to understand with data sheets explaining the disease or have some pictorial/pamphlets about the disease’s reality and myths will be more beneficial.

Cerebral ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of death and disability in many countries. The objective are : Role of MRI  in detection of cerebral ischemic stroke. Age and sex distribution of infarcts in an Indian population.  To determine the location and the territory of the involved blood vessels. Incidence of negative cases (stroke mimics). Materials and Methods:  All patients referred to the Department of Radio-Diagnosis with clinically suspected cerebral ischemic stroke in a period of 2 years from November 2014 to September 2016.The main source of data for the study are patients from Basaveshwara teaching and general hospital attached to M R Medical College Kalaburagi. All MRI scans were performed on a 1.5 T Philips Achieva. Sequences used are T2WI axial and coronal, flair axial, gradient echo axial, T1WI axial, DWI axial and ADC maps.  MRA (TOF) – circle Willis (neck) and SWI (optional). Results: 150 patients who were clinically suspected of cerebral ischemic stroke were subjected to MRI study of the brain. Among these 150 patients, 77.33% had infarcts, 10.33% had intracerebral hemorrhage, 5.31% patients had cerebrovenous thrombosis, 4% patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and 3.03% patients had tumours. However 5 patients had normal scans and was excluded from our series. Predominant risk factors were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Men were commonly affected. Youngest age group was 17 years and oldest was 84 years. MCA territory (L>R) was the commonest territory involved in patients with cerebral infarction. Conclusion: The present study is a prospective study.  The results obtained from our study are well comparable with other stroke surveys. Differences in pattern of stroke may be related to genetic, environmental or sociocultural factors and to differences in the control of risk factors. MRI is non invasive and there is no radiation hazard. Excellent grey – white matter resolution and multiplanar imaging capability of MRI helps in detection of subtle lesions. Our study observed that diffusion weighted imaging add sensitivity and specificity to the standard MR evaluation.

Introduction: Regional Blocks Produced With Adjuncts Added To Local Anesthetics Are Of Higher Quality. The Aim Of Present Study Is To Compare The Efficacy Of Clonidine & Fentanyl As Adjuvants To Local Anesthetic In Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block For Upper Limb Surgeries. Methods: The Present Comparative Study Was Done At A Tertiary Care Centre Among Patients Admitted To Hospital For Upper Limb Surgeries During One Year Duration Period Of Study. Total 50 Subjects Were Selected By Random Sampling & Were Divided Into Two Groups Of 25 Patients In Each Group Named As Group C & Group F. Version 25.0 Of The Statistical Product For Social Sciences (SPSS) Was Used To Analyse The Data. Results: When Sensory And Motor Block Data Were Examined Between The Two Groups, It Was Discovered That Group F Experienced Faster Onset And Completion Of Sensory & Motor Block Than Group C. When Comparing Group C To Group F, The Length Of The Sensory & Motor Block Was Longer In Group C. Group C Has Experienced Analgesia For A Longer Duration Of Time Than Group F. Conclusion: When Used As An Adjuvant, Fentanyl Has An Advantage Over Clonidine In That It Causes Sensory & Motor Block To Occur More Quickly Whereas Sensory & Motor Block With Clonidine Lasts Longer.

Background: This study was conducted to validate the use of digital photographic wound assessment in the evaluation of the size of the wound when compared to clinical assessment and to study the factors influencing digital photographic wound measurement. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted for a period of 2 years among 107 wounds from trauma patients admitted to the ward or patients attending the OPD, emergency department, dressing room, or intensive care unit and dead bodies coming to the forensic medicine department of Tertiary care hospital. Patients who had bleeding disorders, connective tissue or skin disorders, or wounds on an unexposed part were excluded from the study. Results: On comparison of length by manual and photographic methods, it was found that the photographic method is not as accurate as the manual method. While comparing the width using these methods, the same result was obtained. There was a significant change in the accuracy of length measurement according to the site of the body, but no significant change in the accuracy based on the type of wound. where there was a significant change in the accuracy of width measurement according to the type of wound. Conclusion: When comparing the accuracy of wound length and width by photographic and manual methods, it is seen that accuracy depends on different factors like the margin of the wound, type of wound, camera angle, etc. If the wound is small with a clear margin and there is less chance of variation in camera angle based on the site of the wound, the photographic method is a better substitute for the manual or ruler method of wound size measurement.

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening cause of death if not diagnosed properly and in time for medical treatment. The prognosis of sepsis is closely related to procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein levels. Method: 60 patients aged between 50-68 years were classified into 4 groups as per the severity of organ dysfunction in sepsis according to sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA). Blood investigations included WBC count, platelet count, S. bilurubin, S. creatinine, arterial blood gas analysis, S. procalcitonin (PCT), and S. CRP, and results were studied with statistical analysis. Results: SOFA score-I 0-6 had 27 (45%), score-II 9512 had 25 (41.6%), score-III 13-18 had 7 (11.6%), score-IV 19-24 had 1 (1.6%), and deaths were 13 (21.6%). Co-morbidities were 25 (41.6%) had type-II DM, 14 (23.3%) had HTN, 26 (43.3%) had pneumonia, and 17 (28.5%) had UTI. The causes of death were: 5 (18.4%) had pneumonia, 4 (30.7%) had UTI, 1 (7.69%) had pneumonia + UTI, 1 (7.69%) had SBP, 1 (7.69%) had diarrhoea, and 1 (7.69%) had DSS. In the comparison of SOFA with the variable SOFA scores studied except S. creatinine, all the parameters like GCS, total bilurubin platelet count, and SOFA score SPCT and SCRP had highly significant p values (p<0.001). Conclusion: In the present pragmatic study, it is concluded that serum prolactin and CRP value levels are significantly correlated, and the elevation of these parameters predicts the prognosis of the severity of sepsis.

Introduction: WHO defines the period between 10-19 years of age as the adolescent period also called as teenage. It is a serious health problem, more so in developing countries like India. Pregnancy in this transitional stage puts them in a stressful condition. Teenage pregnancy is a common public health and social problem with adverse medical consequences worldwide. Aims and Objectives:  (1) To study the period prevalence of teenage pregnancy in our hospital. (2) To study maternal and neonatal outcomes in teenage pregnancy. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a tertiary care hospital in Karwar. Data was retrieved from hospital records for a period of one year. Results: During the study period of 1 year, there were total 899 deliveries in our hospital. Out of which the number of teenage pregnant women who delivered were 41. Thus, giving the incidence of teenage pregnancy as 5% among the total teen mothers, 63% delivered vaginally and 35% underwent LSCS. Incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in teenage mothers are usually high compared to adult mothers but in our study there were no cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in teenage mothers .Preterm delivery constitutes 17% of total teenage deliveries .In the present study 14% were Low Birth Weight Babies, and 17% had NICU admissions. This shows that neonatal outcome is poor in teenage mothers as compared to adult mothers. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is associated with a significantly higher risk of preterm labor and neonatal morbidities. Our strategy to tackle the problems of adolescents should be directed to reach out to this vulnerable group with our health care system.

Objective: To study the fetal outcome in Elective versus Emergency Caesarean section at a tertiary care center. Material and Method: The study spanned one year and included patients undergoing caesarean sections at our tertiary referral center, regardless of their gestation age. The study was conducted after the approval of institutional ethics committee. In this study two   groups of pregnant females were studied. Group 1: Women who underwent elective caesarean section. Group 2: Women who underwent emergency caesarean section. Results: There was total 3296 deliveries during the study period. Among all deliveries, 1306 women with singleton pregnancies underwent LSCS. There were 917(70.2%) emergency LSCS and 389(29.8%) elective LSCS. Fetal outcomes were recorded and compared between elective and emergency LSCS group. In the present study, Fetal complications like respiratory distress, meconium aspiration syndrome and NICU admissions >24 hours were significantly more in emergency group as compared to elective group.  Mean birth weight in elective group was 2.58±0.47 kg and 2.43±0.56 kg in emergency group, which was statistically significant. 1 minute APGAR score was <6 in 2.1% subjects in elective group as compared to 6.8% subjects in emergency group. 5 minutes APGAR score was <6 in 0.8% subjects in elective group as compared to 3.3% subjects in emergency group. It was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Fetal complications like respiratory distress, meconium aspiration syndrome and NICU admissions >24 hours were significantly more in emergency group as compared to elective group. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of transient tachypnea of newborn in the two groups.

Poor pain control after caesarean section may interfere with walking, breastfeeding, early attention and nutritional care of the newborn. Multimodal therapy for postoperative analgesia blocks multiple pain pathways. Use of opioid-free analgesia should be preferred in the perioperative period to reduce adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and respiratory depression. Tissue trauma causes central sensitization of the spinal dorsal horn neurons through N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor-related mechanisms which in turn produces secondary hyperalgesia. Ketamine is a selective noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Also, it reduces pain by reducing the NMDA receptors, mediated secondary pain. Aims and Objectives: To study the Subanesthetic dose of intravenous ketamine for post caesarean delivery analgesia, haemodynamic changes intra-operatively, Total doses of analgesia in 24 hrs. APGAR score after delivery of baby, Time of first rescue analgesic agent given, Adverse effects intraoperatively and postoperatively 24 hours, Ramsey sedation scale and Patients satisfaction during postoperative period. Material and Methods: 60 females with age group of 18-35 years undergoing cesarean delivery were included and divided. Group A and Group B(n=30): Inj. Bupivacaine 0.5% heavy 2.2cc intrathecally given. After 5 minutes of baby delivery Inj. ketamine 0.2mg/kg intravenously in A group and Saline 0.9% in Group B. Results: No significant changes in demographic parameters, APGAR score and hemodynamic parameters in both the groups. VAS scores were lower in ketamine group than another group. Higher incidence of nausea vomiting in ketamine group. No patient had Ramsey sedation score more than 2 in both groups. All patients were satisfied for analgesia in ketamine group. Time for rescue analgesics were prolonged in ketamine group. Conclusion: Subanesthetic doses (0.2 mg/kg) of intravenous ketamine after 5 minutes of baby delivery leads to enhanced postoperative analgesia without any significant side effects, additional benefit in increasing the time to first postoperative rescue analgesic request with excellent satisfaction for postoperative pain.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common among epileptic patients. Several studies have investigated the correlation between vitamin D levels and paediatric epilepsy, but it is still unclear and further research is needed. Therefore, present study was designed to investigate correlation between vitamin D levels and paediatric epilepsy. Methods: The current study comprised a cross-sectional analysis of vitamin D levels in 60 children (37 male and 23 female) with epilepsy aged 1 to 12 years. A self-created case record form was used to record demographics, clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory values, including vitamin D levels, which were classed as normal, insufficiency, or deficient. Results: The study comprised 60 paediatric epilepsy children aged 1 to 12 years, who were receiving anti-epileptic therapy. The total prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in paediatric epilepsy was found to be 80%. The study included 37 (61.67%) male children and 23 (38.33%) female children. In terms of vitamin D prevalence, there were 20 (86.96%) females and 27 (72.97%) males with hypovitaminosis D. Females had a higher frequency of hypovitaminosis D. It was also discovered that older children were more prone to hypovitaminosis D. Furthermore, the longer the duration of epilepsy, the greater the likelihood of hypovitaminosis D. Moreover, present findings also suggest that children with multidrug therapy have higher probability of hypovitaminosis D. Conclusion: The study found that hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in paediatric epilepsy patients. Females have a higher prevalence, and longer epilepsy duration increases the likelihood of hypovitaminosis D. Children with multidrug therapy also have a higher risk. Larger-scale research is needed to validate these findings.

Background: Scrub typhus is a vector borne rickettsial disease commonly found in many parts of India. This study is planned to report the clinical profile of acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with scrub typhus. Methods: Retrospective study of hospitalized patients of acute febrile illness who were diagnosed scrub typhus and had AKI was planned at  Department of Medicine, Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan from sept -22 to sept-23. Total 50 patients has been taken. Results: All 50 (100%) patients presented with fever and 32(64.00%) patient were have less than 7 days fever and 18(36.00%) were have more than 7 days fever. Other common symptoms were vomiting 30(60.00%) ,abdominal pain 20(40%), headache 17 (34%),myalgia 18 (36%), altered sensorium 14 (28.00%), cough 8(16.00%), seizure 6 (12.00%), diarrhea 6(12.00%), respiratory distress 7(14.00%), oliguria 3(6.00%), bleeding 3(6.00%). Conclusion: This study shows that AKI in scrub typhus is common and a severe disease. The patients with scrub typhus associated AKI have worse biochemical parameters and suffer from various complications.

Background: Refractive errors are main cause of visual impairment in children. Myopia especially is more prevalent in society. Untreated refractive errors may lead to other ocular disorders like squint and amblyopia. Aim: The present retrospective hospital based clinical study was aimed at assessing the demographic profile, prevalence, and pattern of refractive errors in children of age group 03 to 17 years. Methods: The study included 829 patients aged 3 to 17 years old with refractive errors, divided into only myopia (229 subjects), myopia along with astigmatism (465 subjects), only hypermetropia (30 subjects), and hypermetropia with astigmatism (105 subjects) who visited the Ophthalmology OPD during the span of last five years. Unaided visual acuity was recorded. Visual acuity with previous glasses was recorded for the patients who were already using spectacles. Cycloplegic refraction was done. Retinoscopy after dilating pupil with cycloplegic/ mydriatic drug was done. Thorough ocular examination, including retina examination after pupil dilatation to rule out any underlying retinal cause of diminution of vision was done. Final refraction was done and spectacles were prescribed. Best corrected visual acuity with glasses was recorded. State of isometropia or anisometropia was recorded. Axial length by optical bio meter was measured in undilated state of pupil. Results: The refractive error cases were aged 03 to 05, 06 to 08, 09 to 11, 12 to 14 and 15 to 17 years respectively, with a mean age of 7.8±3.21 years. In the myopia group, myopia with astigmatism group aged 03 to 05, the hyper myopia group 06 to 08 year, and in the hypermetropia with astigmatism group was 09 to 11 years of age. The axial length of the eyeball on the right eye was 22,66±1.51, in myopia cases were 5, 353, 279, 48, and 9 and left eye was 22.70±1.50, were 3, 349, 284, 50, and 8 cases, respectively. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that, 06 to 08 age groups are more susceptible to Refractive Error. The most common refractive error in children was myopia then hypermetropia, which became more common as children aged. The more was axial length; degree of myopia was also high in such patients. While in case of hypermetropia, the eye ball was relatively shorter in length. Thus, the axial length was directly related to type of refractive error and is major predictor of progression of myopia.

Background: Strong evidence indicates that stress has a significant negative effect on people’s health, primarily by disrupting the immune system’s normal functioning and causing a low-chronic inflammatory state that increases the risk of infections, metabolic disorders, and other illnesses. The current study intends to assess the stress levels of some patients being treated in an anti-cancer facility and look for any potential links to their immune system status before implementing a physical/psychological programme to prevent health deterioration. Methods: From a psychological and immunological standpoint, we investigated 50 patients and looked at neutrophil chemotaxis and phagocytosis, lymphocyte chemotaxis and proliferation, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in particular. Results: Women were shown to have greater depression symptoms than men. Chemotaxis levels of lymphocytes and neutrophils in women were much lower than in men. We also discovered a strong inverse relationship between depression and NK cell activity. This association was strong regardless of gender. Conclusion: We conclude that stress has an effect on NK activity, and we propose that a combined treatment of cognitive behavioural therapy and physical activity programmes may ameliorate patient health deterioration.

Background: obesity is recognized as one of the primary elements in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Visceral fat is reported to be far more dangerous than any other form of obesity. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is known to be an independent risk factor of myocardial infarction (MI) in elderly patients. Aim: To correlate the adipokines level with anthropometric and blood sugar profile (Insulin level, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c) in T2DM patients. Methodology: The present case-control study was conducted at Index Medical College Hospital & Research Center (IMCHRC) on 160 diabetes, males and females between 35-65 years of age group patients and 160 healthy similar age and sex in control group were enrolled in this study. The screening and management of patients was as per American Diabetes Association guidelines. Serum level of Visfatin and adiponectin was estimated by Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) as per manufacturer’s protocol. Result: The serum levels of adipokines (Visfatin) level were significantly higher in the case group (45.35±4.64) in comparison to control group (21.44±4.51) (P<0.05). But adiponectin level was significantly lower in the case group (5.86±0.94) in comparison to control group (10.68±1.54) (P<0.05). The Visfatin positively significant associated with weight, BMI, Waist circumference and Waist Hip Ratio; while it was negative significant correlated with HIP Circumference. It was positive insignificant correlated with age and negative insignificant correlated with height. But in case of Adiponectin negative significant associated with weight, BMI, Waist circumference and Waist Hip Ratio; while it was positive significant correlated with HIP Circumference. Conclusion: The association of visfatin and adiponectin with weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio may partly explain the lower levels of adiponectin found in individuals with diabetes.

Objectives: The present study was to evaluate the sociodemographic profile of HIV patients and adverse drug reaction in HIV patients with antiretroviral therapy in tertiary health care centre of Bihar, India. Methods: Socioeconomic status (SES) of the patients were assessed by Modified Kuppuswamy score.  Drug reactions like anaemia, skin rashes, lipodystrophy and nephrotoxicity were diagnosed by routine investigations (CBC, RFT, LFT, Viral load) done during the regular follow up. Reactions like giddiness and peripheral neuropathy were described by patients during the visit. Results: A total of 150 diagnosed cases of HIV were included. Most of the cases 80(53.33%) were in age group of 31-43 years. And 100(66.66%) HIV cases were males. most of the patients 93(62%) were belonged in lower middle class. 73 (48.66%) cases had shown adverse drug reaction with ATR. Among (73) them cases had 36(49.31%) anaemia, 17(23.28%) nephrotoxicity, 9(12.32%) skin rashes, 5(6.84%) giddiness, 4(5.48%) peripheral neuropathy and 2(2.73%) lipodystrophy. Anaemia being the most common drug reaction was associated with the zidovudine-based regimen. Tenofovir was associated with the development of nephrotoxicity. Conclusions: Most common adverse reaction of ART associated with ziduvudin based regimens is anaemia. Second common ADR are nephrotoxicity, skin rashes, giddiness and peripheral neuropathy. And lower middle class socioeconomic strata and middle age male population are more preponderance for HIV infection.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder. The main goal of treatment is to achieve seizure control without adverse effects. Phenytoin is a widely prescribed drug in treatment of epilepsy due to its low cost and easy availability. It has well-documented safety and efficacy profile. The toxic effects of chronic therapy of phenytoin may present with wide variety of clinical features from minor gum hypertrophy to central and cardiovascular system involvement. Here we report a case of 21-year-old male presenting with complain of difficulty in walking since 2 months with multiple fall downs without any history of trauma, fever, headache, loss of consciousness, hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus. Patient was a known case of epilepsy taking phenytoin since last 10 years. Patient was investigated and phenytoin toxicity was diagnosed, and treatment was given accordingly. Patient improved with treatment and discharged with regular follow up.

Introduction: One of the common variants of haemoglobin (Hb) is haemoglobin E (HbE). The purpose of the present research is to assess the frequency of Hb E and other haemoglobinopathies among patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Assam, India. Methods: Patients who visited the Advanced Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory of the Assam Medical College & Hospital in Dibrugarh, Assam, India between September 2021 and September 2022 were the subjects of the present time-bound cross-sectional study. Prior institutional ethics committee approval was obtained for this study. The cell counter (SYSMEX XN-500, Japan) was used to perform the Complete Blood Count (CBC).  A High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-based D10 Haemoglobin Testing System (BioRad Laboratories, USA) was used to screen for different haemoglobin variants. The statistical package for the social sciences (IBM SPSS Version 16) was applied for the analysis of data. The difference between groups was statistically evaluated using the Chi-square test considering a p-value below 0.05 as significant. Results:  A total of 266 numbers of participants were included in the study. The mean age (±S.D) of the participants was 30.86 (±16.13) years. Hemoglobinopathies were detected in 51.5% of the participants and are common in 20-29 years age group (15.5%). HbE disease (21.1%) was the most frequently observed Hb variant followed by HbE trait (17.3%). Mean haemoglobin of HbE disease patients was 8.19± 2.23. Patients with b-thalassaemia trait shows the lowest mean haemoglobin level of 4.12±2.56. Substantial variation in hemoglobinopathies were observed among patients belonging to the native Assamese community and those of other immigrant communities (p-value<0.01). Also, prominent variation noticed within the various aboriginal groups (p-value<0.01); particularly predominance of HbE hemoglobinopathies among the tribal and other backward native Assamese groups. Interpretation & Conclusions: Hemoglobinopathies are prevalent in the study population. Hb E disease is the commonest type of haemoglobinopathies among the study participants. Awareness towards haemoglobinopathies is necessary for better clinical utility.

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a vastly prevalent endocrine disorder with wide array of symptoms and signs with multi system involvement. One of the most critical systems involved is the cardiovascular system. Objectives: With an aim to study prevalence of cardiovascular manifestation in hyperthyroid patients. The objectives to study cardiovascular symptoms and signs, ECG changes, 2 D ECHO in hyperthyroid patients and correlation between duration of hyperthyroidism and severity of cardiovascular manifestation. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 55 patients with hyperthyroidism in the Department of General Medicine, SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth over a span of one and half year. Detailed evaluation was done through clinical examination, ECG and 2D echocardiography. Statistical data analysis was made based on frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and association of cardiovascular involvement in hyperthyroidism was evaluated. Results: Among 55 patients with hyperthyroidism, palpitation was the most common cardiac symptom found to be present in about 78% of patients. Other cardiac symptoms were breathlessness and chest pain, present in 31% and 14.5% of patients respectively. Tachycardia was the most common cardiac sign present (80%). About 32% patients had hypertension; and atrial fibrillation was present in 20% patients. Electrocardiogram abnormalities noted was sinus tachycardia present in 67% patients and was the commonest ECG abnormality. Atrial fibrillation (20%), LVH (10.9%), ST T changes (7%), RBBB (5.4%), RVH (3.6%) were other electrocardiogram abnormalities noted. On Echocardiography; systolic dysfunction (16.3%), chamber enlargement (14.5%), diastolic dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse were the abnormalities present in decreasing order of frequency. Hyperthyroid patients having cardiac symptoms had significantly low levels of TSH than patients who did not have cardiac symptoms. Conclusion: Hyperthyroid patients present clinically with various nonspecific signs and symptoms which are difficult to attribute to cardiovascular involvement. Hence, a high index of suspicion is the key for early diagnosis of cardiovascular involvement in hyperthyroidism. So, early and frequent evaluation by ECG and 2D echocardiography is crucial to assess the patients for cardiovascular changes so that prior interventions could be performed to improve the clinical outcomes.

Background & Objectives: To study etio-pathological and clinical aspects of different types of anemia in age group of 1 year to 12 years. Methods: This study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur, Bihar from October 2020 to October 2022 among children between 1 year to 12 years of age. the study was prospective and time bound. Results: The study group which consisted of total 100 hospitalized patients who were admitted with anemia according to WHO classification. Out of 100, 45 were females and 55 were males. In the study group, maximum cases belonged to school going age group (64% of total). Maximum cases had moderate anemia (65% of total). When we studied the distribution of different causes of anemia within the study group, IDA (74%) is the most common type followed by anemia of chronic disease and malaria among all age group. The incidence of generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly were maximum in case of IDA. All cases of aplastic anemia and leukemia had bleeding manifestations.6 out of 27 patients of severe anemia had koilonychia. Conclusions: Incidence of anemia is very high in age group of 1 year to 12 years. IDA is the most common cause. Specific public health actions are urgently required to stop the damaging impacts on physical and mental health as well as their long – term consequences.

Introduction: DCR is a surgical treatment for adult “Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (NLDO)”. NLDO produces severe tearing and drainage. Surgery creates a tear drainage nasal passage. It can be done without stents. Stents are disputed; some say they maintain patency, while others say inflammation causes failure. This study compares endoscopic DCR success rates with and without stents to determine stent efficacy. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to assess the various results and potential problems associated with stent-free Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy. Method: In a study conducted at Vedantaa Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with and without stent insertion was compared in 42 patients with chronic dacryocystitis between the ages of 10 and 60. A two year evaluation of relief from the symptoms was done using a modified Likert scale. People in one group were given stents whereas those in the other group were not. The study design emphasises the effectiveness of stents in endonasal DCR. Result: The effectiveness of Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) was evaluated at three, six, and twelve months using a modified Likert scale. Twenty-one patients who had received stents and twenty-one patients who had not received stents were compared. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at any point of time, suggesting that stents had no major impact on the functional or anatomical outcomes in individuals with chronic dacryocystitis. Conclusion: In  most  cases of chronic dacryocystitis, a   stent-free Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy is recommended since it is safe, effective, and requires less downtime than stented treatments.

Background & Methods: the aim of the study is to establish imprint cytology technique as a routine procedure for intra-operative assessment of margin status in Carcinoma Breast Cases. Detailed clinical history and thorough physical examination were done in each patient. Complete pre-operative work-up investigations and medical fitness for surgery were obtained. Each patient was informed about the procedure and informed consent was obtained. Primary diagnoses were obtained by fine-needle aspiration cytology, stereotactic core biopsy, or other open biopsy procedures. Results: Plan for all our cases to start, was BCT with Axillary Sampling.  Further course was based on Intra-op Imprint Cytology reported by pathologist.  Imprint quoted free margins for 60 lumps out of which NO further dissection was done in 52 cases and surgery was completed after finishing Axillary Sampling. Inspite of negative Imprint, 08 cases were converted to MRM because of patient’s preference towards it. Involved margins were reported in 26 cases, out of which 24 were converted to MRM. For single case, patient refused MRM, hence margins were extended further 2 cm. Conclusion: Effective breast-conserving surgical techniques for early-stage disease were developed to improve breast cancer women’s quality of life. BCT may offer an advantage over MT in terms of body image, psychological and social adjustment, but BCT may be associated with higher rates of positive margins than MT and the incidence of local failure. Imprint cytology although not a substitute for conventional histopathology, but as complementary to it, is useful for rapid diagnosis of malignant conditions as well as benign conditions.

Objective: The induction of labor is a frequently performed procedure in the field of obstetrics. The capacity to anticipate the length of labor has the potential to enhance both planning processes and patient happiness. The main objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of a novel biomechanical assessment approach for the cervix, using the aspiration method, in predicting the length of labor subsequent to induction. Study design: The study used a prospective single-center design. The inclusion criteria for this study consisted of nulliparous pregnant women with an unfavourable cervix who required induction of labour. The study included the use of digital assessment (Bishop score), sonographic evaluation (cervical length and cervical consistency index (CCI)), and aspiration measures (closure pressure) of the cervix. These measurements were then compared to the duration of labour. The study investigated the technical feasibility and acceptability of the measures. Findings: The sonographic and aspiration measures did not exhibit any technical problems. The measurement of the Bishop score has been documented as the most uncomfortable evaluation. There exists a substantial correlation between the duration of the active phase of labor as well as the time to delivery and the Bishop score, whereas no such correlation is seen with respect to cervical length, cervical collagen content index (CCI), or cervical closure pressure. Conclusion: In conclusion, the use of the aspiration approach for biomechanical evaluation of the cervix has been shown to be both technically possible and well-received. No significant connection was seen among our limited sample between closure pressure and the length of labour.

Background: Post operatively surgical site infection is one of the most common complications resulting in significant physical, mental, financial impact and burden on healthcare. Hypoalbuminemia & hypocholesterolemia have been reported to be one of the risk factors for developing surgical site infection. Aims & Objectives: To assess the role of serum albumin & serum cholesterol levels as risk factors for developing surgical site infection following elective surgery. Material & Methods: This prospective observational study recruited 150 patients who were admitted for elective surgery in department of General Surgery. Procedures included under elective surgery were inguinal hernia surgery, appendectomy and colorectal surgery, cholecystectomy, breast surgeries and other major elective procedures. Preoperatively, complete blood count, liver function tests, lipid profile, bleeding time, clotting time, urine examination, chest x-ray and ECG were performed. The duration of surgery & number of hospitalization days were recorded. Daily monitoring of pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, surgical dressing of the study participants was done until their discharge. Any surgical site infection observed was registered. Results: Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 92 (61.4%) & surgical site infections in 42 (28%) patients. Prevalence of total cholesterol levels were observed to be less than 100mg % in 30 (20%), between 100-200mg % in 99(66%) patients and more than 200 mg% in 21(14%) of the patients. Mean albumin levels were statistically significantly lower in patients with SSI (3.01±0.27) as compared to none(3.31±0.49) (p<0.05).Mean serum cholesterol levels observed no statistically significantly difference in patients with SSI (157.53±66.36) as compared to none (158.29±55.81) (p 0.68). No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of surgical site infections with respect to serum cholesterol levels (p 0.162). Conclusion: Preoperative low serum albumin levels below 3mg/dl has been observed to be a significant & reliable risk factor for the development of surgical site infection. Serum cholesterol levels were not found to be statistically significantly associated with the development of surgical site infections.

Background and introduction: Laparoscopic surgery have many advantages such as reduced postoperative pain, speedy recovery. Most of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed under general anaesthesia. Direct laryngoscopy and intubation often results in a profound sympathetic response which leads to tachycardia, hypertension. The techniques such as increasing the depth of anaesthesia, various drugs such as opioids (fentanyl), local anesthetics (lignocaine), beta adrenergic blockers, vasodilators (nitroglycerin), calcium channel blockers (diltiazem) and alpha 2 adrenergic agonists (clonidine, dexmedetomidine) have been used to minimize these adverse responses. Methodology: Patients were divided randomly in 2 groups (40 patients in each group) using block randomization. Patients in Group F were administered with IV Fentanyl 2 mcg/kg in 100 ml normal saline loading dose over 10 minutes. Patients in Group D were administered with IV Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg in 100 ml normal saline over 10 minutes. Hemodynamics was monitored throughout the entire procedure of laryngoscopy, intubation, 2 and 5 minutes post intubation. Maintenance of anaesthesia was done as standard protocol. Patients were monitored for pain intensity using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), at interval of 30 minutes till 2 hours. Observation and Results: Demographic profile were similar in both groups. Heart rate and MAP at baseline and before premedication was similar in both groups (p>0.05). After study drug and induction, Heart rate decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in Group F as compared to Group D Just after intubation, at 2 minutes and 5 minutes post intubation, heart rate remained higher in Group F than in Group D. After study drug and induction MAP was lower in Group D  as compared to Group F. Just after intubation, at 2 minutes post intubation and at 5 minutes post intubation MAP was higher in Group F than in Group D. Conclusion: Hence, from the present study it can be concluded that though both the study drugs are effective in blunting the hemodynamic stress response, dexmedetomidine is better among the two study drugs. Both the drugs provide good analgesia but dexmedetomidine provided better analgesia in the postoperative period.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the impact of anesthesiologists’ communication styles on patient pain perception and behavioral discomfort during intravenous cannulation. Methods: A total of 100 patients undergoing elective surgery were randomly allocated into three groups (ST, NP, NU) and subjected to different communication styles before intravenous cannulation. Pain perception was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and behavioral discomfort was assessed through a behavioral rating scale. Results: The NU group, informed of ‘numbness,’ reported the lowest mean VAS score (2.8 ± 1.0), while the NP group, assured of ‘no pain,’ exhibited the highest (4.2 ± 1.5). Behavioral discomfort scores were also significantly higher in the NP group compared to the NU group. Pre-procedure anxiety levels were lowest in the NU group (4.2 ± 1.0). The differences in pain perception and discomfort across groups were statistically significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: The study concludes that communication emphasizing a sensation of numbness is more effective in reducing pain perception and discomfort during intravenous cannulation. These findings highlight the critical role of communication in patient care and the need for targeted training for healthcare professionals in this area.

Introduction: There are 50 to 200 cases of paediatric cancer for every million children worldwide. In developing nations, juvenile cancer accounts for 2% of all cancer cases and 0.5% of those in more industrialised nations. Children’s malignancies that are common worldwide include lymphoma and leukaemia. Childhood cancers most commonly diagnosed in industrialised and developing nations include leukaemias, which are the most prevalent kind, and lymphomas. It is estimated that leukaemia makes up one-third of childhood cancer cases, with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) being the most prevalent kind. Material and Methods: a prospective observational research that included all patients with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia admitted to the paediatrics department at MKCGMCH. Parents were asked for their informed permission. A thorough history of fever, joint pain, weakness, bleeding areas, and edoema was obtained upon admission. A clinical examination was then performed to check for signs of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, purpuric, petechial patches, lymphadenopathy, and moderate to high grade fever. When the patient was admitted, further factors including age and sex were noted. To search for blast cells, studies such as DC TLC, TPC, and haemoglobin with peripheral smear were conducted. Additional testing, such as uric acid. Results: Being a hospital based study; it is not strictly representive of background populations. The data of a large number of patients could not be retrieved. Only 76 patients were included as per the case availability and time constraint. In our study because of the non-availability karyotyping and cytogenetic profile as a prognostic factor was not studied which could have yielded noteworthy results. Finally, because of various treatment protocols used by physicians, the outcome, based on therapy, could not be evaluated. Conclusion: Acute leukaemia was 0.80% common, according to the study. Males and children under the age of 10 had higher rates of the illness. The most prevalent symptoms in children were fever, bleeding, and generalised weakness. The most common symptom in all leukaemia patients was lymphadenopathy, which was followed by hepatosplenomegaly. Anaemia affected most of the patients. Two further crucial peripheral blood markers for the diagnosis of acute leukaemia are thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. It was discovered that acute lymphoblastic leukaemia frequently occurs in children. Acute myeloid leukaemia, T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were the three most frequent types of leukaemia. Using bone marrow analysis and flow cytometry, the diagnosis of leukaemia is more conclusive.

Introduction: Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is an essential part for diagnosing and management of critical to monitor a patient’s oxygenation status and metabolic disorder. The usefulness of this diagnostic tool is dependent on accuracy of analysis for interpret the results as well as unbroken testing service for continue monitoring of patient. Objective: To evaluate improvisation on the cost of ABG analysis with sample flow. Methods: This study is done retrospectively from data of number of arterial blood gas analysis performed, ABG cartridge utilized and amount of rupees utilized for purchase of ABP cartridge, in period of December 2022 to July 2023. After continued use of these instrument for 3 months, training to reduce pre-analytic error was conducted on 24th February 2023 for resident doctor of medicine department and respiratory medicine department. Data of cartridge utilized were collected from instrument database and verified with laboratory purchase order. Results: It is found that in Pre-training each cartridge life was 12.2 days and Af-ter-training, each cartridge lives was increased to 19.83 day. Average ABG sample run in a day was 17 and average ABG Sam-ple run in day is increased to 30. In Post-training aver-age ABG Sample Estimation in Per-centage is increased approximately twice (17 to 30 sample per day, 72% ) in compare to pre-training period. Conclusion: Root cause analysis in laboratories is vital for implementing effective corrective actions and preventing recurring issues. Pre-analytical training reduces problems like ABG instrument breakdown and lowers the overall cost per analysis. This approach boosts laboratory efficiency, extends instrument life, and instills clinician confidence in the reliability of testing services.

Introduction: Domestic violence is the most common and significant public health problem. The World Health Organization defines violence as “the purposeful use of physical force or power, threatened or real, against oneself, another person, a group, or a community, resulting in or likely to result in damage, death, psychological distress, maldevelopment, or deprivation [1]. Domestic violence is described as “any act of force or coercion that significantly compromises the life, body, psychological integrity, or autonomy of a person in a family or kinship.” DV is frequently used interchangeably with “intimate partner violence,” which is when one spouse or partner abuses the other when they are in a close relationship [5] Violence against women can harm one’s mental health in a variety of ways, including behavioral issues, eating and sleeping disorders, PTSD, depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicide attempts, low self- esteem, and dangerous alcohol and drug usage [2]. Identifying the extent to which certain mental diseases are related to violence towards a spouse is essential since it will inform violence prevention strategies. Hence our study focused on screening the spousal mental and their experiences of violence by partners with common mental disorders attending tertiary care centers. Aim: To evaluate the presence of an association between domestic violence and psychiatric morbidity among spouses of psychiatric patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based Cross-sectional Study was conducted at Government hospital for mental care, Visakhapatnam in 200 Spouses of Psychiatric In patients & Outpatients attending the hospital for One year (August 2021- July 2022). REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS Scale (CTS2) to assess Domestic violence among spouses of psychiatric patients and MINI INTERNATIONAL NEUROPSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW SCHEDULE to assess psychiatric morbidity among spouses of psychiatric patients. Results: Out of 200 subjects, the majority 65% (n=130) of spouses experienced domestic violence by their partners. Females 74.4% (n=90) experience more domestic violence than males 50.6% ( n=40) Of the 200 spouses, 65% reported experiencing negotiation, mainly emotional violence. This was followed by psychological violence in 54.5% (n = 109), physical violence in 38.5%, and sexual violence in 14%. When compared to male spouses, female spouses had a statistically significant higher likelihood of experiencing psychological aggression. 47.9% (n=58) of females were more likely to experience physical assault when compared to 24.1% (n=19) of males which was statistically significant (p-0.001). 14% (n=28) of study spouses had sexual coercion more in female spouses compared to 6.3% (n=5) of males which was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study had evaluated the prevalence of domestic violence among spouses of psychiatric patients and its impact on their mental health. Domestic violence was highly prevalent among female spouses of alcohol- dependent male partners followed by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Most common type of domestic violence experienced by study spouses was emotional followed by psychological, physical and the other types like sexual and injury were less likely in male spouses.Most common type of psychiatric morbidity reported being Major depressive disorder among both men and women.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP), a group of disorders in movement and posture resulting from non-progressive injury of the immature brain is the most common cause of disability in the paediatric population.  Among various subtypes grouped, spastic type is most common. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy remain the mainstays of treatment in spastic CP. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of injection botulinum toxin used in the management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Method: This is a prospective, longitudinal and interventional study which includes 25 cases of Botulinum toxin injection in the management of spasticity in cerebral palsy seen at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) hospital, Hubballi for a period of one year from July 2022 to July 2023. Children between 2-12 years age diagnosed with spastic cerebral palsy with any level of Gross motor function classification system were included in study. Results: Maximum number of patients 15(60%) had unilateral cerebral palsy and 10(40%) patients had bilateral cerebral palsy. About 15(60%) patients had hemiplegia and 10(40%) patients had diplegia. The GMFCS level frequency was same as that of 12 weeks among patients even at 6months. There is no statistically significant difference between before and after treatment at 6months in GMFCS level.  There was no statistically significant difference in MAS grading for elbow flexors and forearm pronators before and after treatment at 12 weeks.  Maximum number of patients 15(60%) were in MAS grading 1+ followed by 10(40%) patients in MAS grading 2. 10(40%) patients were in MAS grading 1 and 1+ each and 12(48%) patients were in MAS grading 1 and 1+ each at 12weeks and 6months respectively. This difference is statistically significant. There was a significant improvement on the MAS and R1 on the MTS for Calf muscles and Hip adductors at three follow-ups compared to before treatment. As for R2 on the MTS there was a significant improvement in tone in muscles of Hip adductors and Hamstring muscles. Conclusion: It demonstrates that multilevel BTX-A injection as part of the integrated approach can be used for focal treatment of spasticity especially of hamstrings, hip abductors and calf muscles in non-ambulatory young children. Such a treatment affords the possibility of delaying/avoidingorthopaedic surgeries for children especially for those who are at high risk for general anaesthesia.

Introduction: Acute leukemias are classified into Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL). India has the highest population of adolescent and young adults globally, and most centers see a significant proportion of patients in this age group.The proportion of ALL among adult patients diagnosed with acute leukemia reporting at Indian institutions are ranged from 7.3% to 57.8%. There are Different protocols used for the treatment of Adult ALL, among adults with ALL, although the complete remission rates (CR) have approached to 74% to 93 %, the overall survival rate has only approached to 27% to 54%. The present study has analyzed the response rates of the adults treated by the BFM-90 protocol. Material and Methods: This was a prospective, observational and descriptive study conducted in tertiary care centre & teaching institute during the period from December 2019 to July 2021. Total 50 patients of ALL were included in this study as per Guidelines after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: This study shows 54% of cases were < 20 yrs of age. There were 60% of males. Most of the patients had fever (86%), pallor (100%) and 06% cases showed CNS involvement. In the present study mean HB (g/dl), Total TLC (cells/cu.mm) and platelet count (cells/cu.mm) was 7.124 ± 1.58, 106831.4 ± 49328.32 and 78880 ± 77303.18. In this study 34 cases were of B-cell type of adult ALL whereas 16 cases were of T-cell type of adult ALL. The present study showed that before induction of BFM-90 protocol Bone marrow Blasts were > 20% in all cases of ALL. Post induction at Day 35 showed remission in 72% of cases. Also there was significant association between pre and post induction BFM-90 (p=0.0001). On multivariate analysis it had showed significant association between TLC (p=0.0001) and platelets counts (p=0.003) with Bone marrow Blasts (%). Conclusion: Our study data supports that BFM-90 Protocol is feasible chemotherapy regimens for adult patients with ALL, with efficacy that appears comparable to outcomes observed with other regimens used in the treatment of adult ALL.

Introduction: Onychomycosis is dermatophytic infection of the nails. Aims: To study the epidemiology, clinical presentations and to identify the various causative fungi causing onychomycosis. Methods: The study was a prospective study with 100 random patients with nail problems and 50 patients of clinically suspected untreated fungal infection. Results: Onychomycosis accounts for upto 50% of all nails problems. Risk factors for the disease include trauma, occupation, immunocompromised persons, diabetics and others. Distal and Lateral subungual onychomycosis is commonly found. Majority of dermatophytic infection is caused by Trichophyton rubrum while Aspergillus in non-dermatophytes. Conclusions: The purpose of this study is to document the incidence, prevalence, contributing factor, associated diseases, the common types and the causative agents of onychomycosis and also, to observe the psychosocial and occupational consequences of onychomycosis amongst the patients.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars are benign cutaneous lesions produced by uncontrolled synthesis and deposition of dermal collagen. Both the lesions follow injury to the skin of predisposed individuals but keloids can occur spontaneously. Amongst the various regimens used intralesional steroids, cryosurgery and their combination are simple techniques without gross complications and can be performed on outdoor patient basis without local anaesthesia and the overall results are satisfactory compared with the results reported using alternative regimens. The study was conducted on 45 selected patients from amongst group of 60 patients attending Department of Dermatology of Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital & Research Centre, Bhilai, and Chhattisgarh, India diagnosed as having either keloids or hypertrophic scars during the period from June 2008 to June 2010. A total of 45 patients having 45 lesions (30 keloids and 15 hypertrophic scars) were treated. Recurrence was seen in 2 keloids (33.3%) treated with intralesional triamcinolone alone and 1 keloid (14.2%) treated with cryosurgery alone. The treated lesions were treated followed up for 6 to 12 months. Recurrence was seen in 2 keloids (33.3%) treated with intralesional triamcinolone alone and 1 keloid (14.2%) treated with cryosurgery alone. No recurrence was seen in lesions treated with combination therapy. There was no recurrence in hypertrophic scars treated with any of the three modalities. The average number of sittings required for the keloids and hypertrophic scars that showed good to excellent response; were least with the combination therapy whereas it was almost equivalent with cryosurgery and intralesional triamcinolone alone with cryosurgery faring marginally better.

Background: Tumours of salivary gland constitute 1% to 5% of all head and neck tumours. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a cytodiagnostic method used for initial diagnosis of salivary gland swelling which is rapid, reliable, safe and inexpensive where individual or group of cells are studied to arrive at a pre-operative diagnosis.  The aim of this study is to evaluate cytological spectrum of salivary gland tumours and its correlation with age, gender and anatomical site. We have done a retrospective study of FNAC of salivary gland tumours for a period of 1 year (2020-2021) in a tertiary care center of Northeast India. Results: Out of 46 cases of salivary gland tumours, 65.2% were benign lesions and 34.8% malignant tumours. The majority of benign lesions were seen in the age group of 31 to 40 years. The male to female ratio of salivary gland lesions was 1.9:1 and parotid gland (65.2%) was found to be the most commonly involved site. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumour (52.2%) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant tumour (17.4%) among all the neoplasms. Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a rapid, cost-effective, and safe diagnostic procedure useful in the initial preoperative diagnosis of salivary gland tumours to plan for appropriate treatment. However, it should be correlated with histopathological confirmation.

Background and Aim: The incorporation of adjuvants into intrathecal medications that are routinely administered is essential for the safe and effective extension of single-shot spinal blocks used in gynaecological surgery. In resource-constrained nations, where the expense of epidural anaesthesia typically prevents its use, adjuvants are frequently employed to extend the duration of regional anaesthesia. Comparing the efficacy of intrathecal bupivacaine and clonidine to that of bupivacaine and dexmedetomedine for gynaecological procedures was the purpose of the present study. Material and Methods: A prospective, randomised, and double-blind study was conducted to enrol a cohort of 80 adult females who were scheduled to undergo gynaecological surgery under subarachnoid block and were members of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Grades 1 and 2. Forty patients were divided into two distinct categories. A participant in Group I was administered 17.5 mg of bupivacaine in combination with 45 mcg of clonidine. In Group II, they were administered 17.5 mg of bupivacaine in addition to 5 mcg of dexmedetomidine. The duration of spinal anaesthesia, the onset and duration of sensory block, the highest level of sensory block, the time required to reach the highest dermatomal level of sensory block, the time required to complete motor block recovery, and the highest level of motor block were all documented. Results: There were no significant statistical differences observed in the demographics of the patients, ASA grade, or duration of surgery. Group I experienced sensory block for 350.14±32.34 minutes, while Group II did so for 404.24±23.69 minutes. Group I encountered motor block for 210.22±40.16 minutes, while Group II experienced it for 369.54±53.22 minutes. In comparison to group B, the duration of sensory and motor block was considerably extended in group A (p0.05). In comparison to group B, the duration of spinal anaesthesia was comparatively reduced in group A. Conclusion: Adjunctive use of intrathecal dexmedetomidine in conjunction with bupivacaine appears to be a viable substitute for fentanyl and clonidine in the context of lengthy surgical procedures. This is attributed to the potent anaesthetic and analgesic properties of intrathecal dexmedetomidine, which are complemented by its minimal adverse effects.

Aim: To estimate the cumulative impact of alcohol use in tribal patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and their families in North Odisha, India. Methods: The demographic and socioeconomic data were collected from tribal patients hospitalized for alcoholic liver disease and from their attendants using a self-designed non validated questionnaire and analyzed. Results:  Study subjects included100consecutive tribal ALD patients [all males]. 60% were between 30–50 years. Most were married (96%), literate (63%), either businessmen (37%) or employed (30%) and belonged to middle socioeconomic class. 90% started alcohol use before age 30 years and half during teenage. Mean alcohol intake was 190ml/day [mean duration 23 years]; 60% consumed alcohol daily. Concomitant tobacco abuse was noted in 79%. Average expenditure on alcohol was Rs 3800/month. Average hospitalizations for ALD related problems was 2.6 times/year with average expenditure of Rs 30,000 (~ 440 US$) during each hospitalization. For treatment expenses, 86% patients borrowed money from friends/relatives, 36% used saving deposits and 4% sold personal belongings. 11% lost their job and 7% sold immovable property. In 43% cases, children were deprived of education. Besides, 52% had disturbed social and family life, 34% abused their spouse, 20% suffered accidents and 37% indulged in physical violence. Conclusion:  Majority of tribal patients admitted for ALD and their families had disturbed social and family life, and incurred severe financial loss arising of alcohol use.

Introduction: An outbreak of novel coronavirus was responsible for coronavirus disease-19(COVID-19) which was first reported in Hubei province, Wuhan, China, on November 17, 2019. It had rapidly spread all over the world with approximately 66.4 crore cases, 64.40 crore recoveries and 67.1 lakh deaths (200,000 deaths within first four month) till now. In India there were 4.46 crore cases of which 4.41 crore recovered and there were 5.30 lakh deaths till now (JHU CSSE COVID-19 Data). Aims: Assessment of lung fibrosis in post COVID-19 follow up cases. Materials and Method: The prospective observational study was carried out at R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain in the Department of Respiratory Medicine. All post COVID-19 cases attending post covid clinic was included in the study with minimum 119 patients. Result: In our study, out of total 119 post covid follow up cases, lung fibrosis was seen in 67(56.3%) patients of which only in 3 patients had residual lung fibrosis while other improved. Conclusion: the patients who had lung fibrosis were fewer than expected (<5%). These sequelae were mostly occurring in the elderly patients with comorbidities, longer hospital stay, severity of covid infection and smoking are the other risk factors for its development. Post Covid patients had various symptoms like weakness, cough, breathlessness etc which required symptomatic management.

Introduction: The efficacy of midline laparotomy is contingent upon the use of precise surgical methods and the subsequent careful closure of the abdominal wall, which serves to facilitate optimum wound healing and minimise the likelihood of problems. The present comparative study was designed to assess continuous rectus closure versus SMEAD JONES intermittent rectus closure in midline laparotomy wounds. Material and Methods: Sixty-four participants required midline laparotomy above 18 years of age were recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to Group S managed with SMED JONES interrupted closure and group C managed with continuous rectus closure. Post-operative follow up was done at the end of 1^st week, 4^th week, 3^rd month and 6^th month of post-operative period. Results: Ruptured abdomens occurred in roughly 12.5% of group S patients and 9.38% of group C patients by the end of the first week after surgery. After 4 weeks, 15.62 percent of group S patients and 6.2 percent of group C patients had incisional hernias; after 3 months, 9.38 percent of group S patients and 3.13% of group C patients developed incisional hernias; and after 6 months, 18.75 percent of group S patients and 9.38 percent of group C patients developed incisional hernias. Conclusion: The SMEAD JONES midline laparotomy wound closure technique, which is superior to continuous rectus closure, resulted in a considerable decrease in the incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, and incisional hernia.

Background: The time interval between suppression of the protective reflexes by induction of anaesthesia and the development of satisfactory intubating conditions is a critical period. Atracurium (2×ED⁹⁵ dose) is more effective neuromuscular blocking agent than cisatracurium (2×ED⁹⁵) for favourable intubating condition. Objective: To understand these differences, we compared potency and duration of action of atracurium and incremental doses of cisatracurium. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial in which 80 patients divided in four groups of 20 each undergoing abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia at our hospital. The Group-1 received 2×ED95 (0.5mg/kg) dose of atracurium, Group-2 received 2×ED95 (0.1mg/kg) dose of cisatracurium, Group-3 received 3×ED95 (0.15mg/kg) dose of cisatracurium, while Group-4 received 4×ED95 (0.2mg/kg) dose of cisatracurium. Relaxograph [NMT-MINDRA, CE0123, PN:115-018518-00, SN: CGB4C000574, Ver:1.0] was used for neuromuscular monitoring. Results: HR, MABP was statistically significant increased post-intubation with administration of 2×ED95 dose of atracurium in Group-1 and the same dose of cisatracurium in Group-2 but 5-20 min later was not statistically significant with administration of 3×ED95 and 4×ED95 doses of cisatracurium in Groups-3 and 4, respectively. Onset time was found to be significantly lower with 2×ED95 dose of atracurium than with the same dose of cisatracurium. At the same time, higher doses of cisatracurium (3×ED95 and 4×ED95) showed onset time and longer duration of action that was significant with atracurium and with lower dose of cisatracurium (2×ED95). 4×ED95 & 3×ED95 dose of cisatracurium showed statistically significant difference versus the atracurium dose with higher percentages of patients with excellent condition of intubation 100% and 95% respectively. Conclusion: The same dose (2×ED⁹⁵ dose) atracurium is more effective neuromuscular blocking agent than (2×ED⁹⁵) cisatracurium, while higher doses of cisatracurium 3×ED₉₅ and 4×ED₉₅ provide more effective, more rapid neuromuscular blocking with longer duration of action, stable hemodynamic status, and no associated signs of histamine release clinically.

Context: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading risk factor for impaired renal function, and approximately 20 to 30% of diabetic patients progress to diabetic nephropathy. Objective: This study was conducted to study the relationship between blood glucose, serum urea and serum creatinine levels in diabetic patients and non-diabetic healthy individuals, so as to find out the prognostic role of serum urea and creatinine as effective renal markers in type-2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 100 patients with type-2 diabetes and 100- nondiabetic healthy controls. Fasting and Post Prandial blood sugar, serum urea and serum creatinine were assayed. Data was analysed using student’s ‘t’ test and linear regression analysis. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the serum urea (p<0.001) and creatinine levels (p<0.05) in diabetic patients. Also, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) observed in diabetic patients with increasing duration of diabetes and with associated diabetic complications. Conclusion: Good glycemic control, along with routine monitoring of serum urea and creatinine levels is absolutely needed in diabetic patients to prevent progressive renal impairment.

Background and Aim: Laryngoscopy and intubation are noxious stimulus which results in sympathetic response leading to hypertension and tachycardia. This can in turn produce adverse cardiovascular events, especially in patients with cardiac co- morbidities. Present study was carried out to evaluate and compare the laryngeal view, intubation time, stress response by direct laryngoscope using Macintosh blade with video laryngoscope using king vision video laryngoscope in adult patients requiring endo-tracheal intubation. Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at our institute with total 132 adult patients aged 18-65 years of either sex and average weighing around 60 kg belonging to ASA grade I/II, patients having Mallampati grade I/II and normal thyro- mental distance were included in this study. All patients were divided into two groups: Group V: patients were intubated using King Vision video laryngoscope and Group M: – patients were intubated using direct laryngoscope with Macintosh blade. We studied and compared the laryngeal view, the time taken for intubation, number of attempts and maneuvers required to facilitate intubation and hemodynamic response to the laryngoscopy and intubation in both groups. Results: Cormack and Lehane grade I/II/III/IV was 59/7/0/0 patients in group V & 30/36/0/0patients patients in group M. The total time taken for intubation in Group V was 18.63 ± 5.04 seconds & 19.26 ± 5.18 seconds for Group M. Hemodynamic response was less during laryngoscopy and intubation with King Vision video-laryngoscope (Group V) as compared to Macintosh laryngoscope (group M). Conclusion: King vision video laryngoscope offers a better laryngeal view with less hemodynamic response during laryngoscopy and intubation in as compared to direct laryngoscopy with Macintosh blade.

Introduction: Learning and studying by new media technologies have taken shape for new academic experiences which, nowadays preferred by many college students. Video gaming can be categorized as first in the list. It can have impact on skill development and mental well-being also in the lives of medical students. Assessment of playing video games in freshers; first MBBS medical students, their experiences and its impact on wellbeing is the motive of our study. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in medical students at Dr DY Patil medical college Pimpri, Pune. Framed questionnaire was answered and analysed. Results: Our study had video game genre, its description, examples with gender preferences, reason for playing, onset, hours of playing. On the other hand problem solving, logical thinking and hand eye coordination skills was good in male gamers while female gamers, found to be average and positive outlook of well-being in gamers. Conclusion: Video games can be beneficial. Skills like problem solving, logical thinking and hand eye coordination was identified more in male gamers than female gamers. These skills can be useful professionally and personally as well. It can be enhanced, wellbeing seems to be  improved. Gamers had a positive outlook with better wellness than non-gamers, but at the same time can have an influence on health maybe in long run.

Background: To combat the spread of coronavirus illness 2019, a rapid clinical diagnosis is required to give symptomatic medication, immediate access to the intensive care unit, and patient isolation (COVID-19). The elevated inflammatory markers might be independent biomarkers for identifying severity of the disease and its poor clinical outcomes. Aims and Objectives: To study the serum inflammatory markers and their correlation with disease severity and outcome in patients with covid-19 disease. Materials and Methods: Three hundred laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were studied in a retrospective observational study at the Department of Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, from June 2021-June 2022. Patients were divided based on WHO criteria of clinical severity of Covid 19 into Mild Disease (n=100), Moderate Disease (n=100), and Severe Disease (n=100). Detailed history, vital signs, Hb, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet count, NLR, LMR, ESR, CRP, D-dimer, HbA1c, S ferritin, LDH, S PCT, Troponin-I, PRO-BNP, HRCT chest were recorded. NLR and LMR in all patients were calculated. The duration of hospital stay and outcome of each patient, along with the type of respiratory support needed by each patient, was also recorded. Results: Incidence of COVID-19 infection was more common in patients aged 41-50 years (24%), 51-60 years (18.7%), and 31-40 years (18%). Males outnumbered females (58.3% to 41.7%). The mean NLR in severe Covid-19 instances was considerably greater (6.963.8) compared to moderate cases (4.483.45) and mild cases (3.312.44) (p0.001). There was no significant relationship between LMR and illness severity (p=0.154). According to receptor operating curve analysis, NLR, LMR, and CRP were important predictive markers for disease severity. Among the important parameters, NLR had the highest area under the curve (0.846; p0.001). The area under the curve for LMR was 0.154, indicating that it is a poor instrument for predicting the outcome based on the AUC value. Conclusion: Inflammatory markers, especially CRP, d-dimer, PCT, ferritin, Pro-BNP, WBC, Neutrophils, NLR and LDH, were positively correlated and lymphocytes, monocytes and platelet counts were negatively correlated with the severity and outcome of COVID-19. Measurement of inflammatory markers might assist clinicians to monitor and evaluate the severity and prognosis of COVID-19.

Background: Traditional, summative viva ineffectively imparts deep knowledge. This study assessed the impact of conducting a series of group viva on pharmacology learning. Methods: After the first and second internal assessment (IA), students attended a series of 84 group viva voce sessions during the revision hours followed by a third internal assessment in pharmacology. Student performances were grouped as poor (<50%), good (50-75%) and excellent (75-100%) based on first and second IA written exam marks. The marks scored by students in written internal assessment exams (Pre and post group viva) and university exams were analysed retrospectively. Results: The mean written exam scores (out of 40 marks) of first (M1), second (M2) internal assessment, first paper (M3) and second paper (M4) of third internal assessment were 15.97±5.72, 25.60±5.77, 22.36±5.59 and 22.64±5.30 respectively. The mean pre and post viva written exam scores were 41.57±10.36 and 45.00±10.42 respectively (out of 80 marks).  The mean scores Post viva of written exam (M3 + M4) was statistically greater than pre viva (M1 + M2) for all the students across all categories except excellent performers. Students’ achievement in university exams post viva was noteworthy. About eighty-eight percent of pre-viva poor performers improved to become good performers in university examinations, and 12% excelled as well; 76.3% of good performers became excellent. There were no poor performers in university exams. Conclusions: Conducting a series of group viva voce had a positive impact on student performance in pharmacology.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection ranges in severity from asymptomatic (which is carrier status in the urine) to symptomatic acute infections of the kidney with resultant sepsis. This study was done to determine Prevalence of UTI, bacteriological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility of organism causing UTI and to evaluate the rate of CAUTI. Material and Methods: All samples were processed by standard microbiological procedures including wet mount of urine, Culture on CLED Media, Morphology, Gram Stain, Motility, Biochemical test and Antimicrobial susceptibility test. Results: Prevalence of UTI was found to be 25.7%. CAUTI was found in 25% of UTI. There were 32% Gram positive cocci, 63.5% Gram negative bacilli and 4.5% Candida species isolated. Conclusion: Increasing multidrug resistance in bacterial uropathogens is an important and emerging public health problem. The UTI standard treatment guidelines must be adjusted accordingly.

Introduction: In undergraduate medical students, use of Digital screens have been increased due to the fact that students engage themselves in studies on online platforms by watching videos, reading E books even after the online regular classes. Apart from these for their leisure time they use mobile phones for scrolling on social media platforms, chatting and playing games which involve activity of the eye. The Reaction Time (RT) is one of the frequently used tests in the experimental physiology to assess the sensory-motor performance. Reaction time (RT) is a measure of the quickness with which an organism responds to some sort of stimulus. Objectives: To assess the effect of mobile use on visual & Auditory reaction time in undergraduate medical students aged 18-25 years. Method: A total of 147 subjects aged 18-25 years were selected and depending on duration of mobile phone usage, participants were divided into three groups – Group I(N=17)  Less than 1 year, Group II (N= 41)  Between 1-2 yrs& Group III (N=89)  more than 2 yrs. Procedure was explained to all the participants. Visual & Auditory Reaction time was evaluated using ruler drop test and the data was statistically analyzed. Result: The mean value and standard deviation for age was 20.60 ± 1.72 years, Mobile phone usage was 2 -6 hours per day and Visual & Auditory Reaction time was increased non-significantly as duration of mobile usage increases. Conclusion: The study concludes that there is non-significant correlation between visual & auditory reaction time and mobile phone usage in undergraduate medical students aged 18-25 years.

Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is a common problem all over world caused by the back-flow of stomach contents into the laryngopharynx. Symptomatology of laryngopharyngeal reflux includes chronic cough, hoarseness of voice, throat-clearing, globus sensation and difficulty in swallowing. LPRD is seen in about 10% of patients visiting outpatient departments of otolaryngology clinics and in more than 50% of patients presenting with changes in voice. LPRD can have association with sleep disorders, dental problems, food habits and various otolaryngological disorders. Gastric acid reflux with LPRD is considered causative factor for   granulomas of the larynx and malignancy. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study, conducted at the department of ENT at IGIMS, Patna. Patients having symptoms of Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease were included in the study. Data collection was done using clinical examination forms and written questionnaire and data was processed and analysed using SPSS. Results: This study was done on 292 subjects where 158 were males and 134 females. The mean age was 40.54 ± 12.68 years. Prevalence of LPRD was found to be 17.46% and there was slight male preponderance (18.35% in males, 16.41% in females). The common presentations were sensation of lump in throat, hoarseness of voice, sensation of mucus sticking in throat and urge to clear throat. Common findings were thick mucus, erythema of vocal cord, edema of vocal cord. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, tobacco use, drinking alcohol, eating spicy foods were risk factors for LPRD. Patient’s positive for LPRD were treated with oral PPIs, life style and dietary modifications, and showed statistically significant improvement in symptoms and signs post treatment.

Introduction: In India Cervical cancer is second most common cancer in woman. Every year around 1.23 lakh new cases are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 67,500 of these woman die in India. There are various screening various screening techniques such as visual inspection with acetic acid, visual inspection with Lugol’s iodine, visual inspection with magnification devices-Magna visualizer, Pap smear and HPV-DNA testing have been suggested and tried under low-resource settings of our country, and cervical cytology screening has been found effective in reducing incidence of the disease. Material and Methods: It is prospective observational study. This study was be conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in medical college and tertiary health centre comprising of woman who are sexually active during 2020 -2022 with sample size of 236. Results: Out of 236 cases, 39.80% were positive and 60.20% were negative according to visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid. According to cytology (Pap smear) reports, 56.8% were normal, 41.6% were inflammatory, 1.2% was having LSIL/ atypical and 0.4% was having HSIL. VIA has, the sensitivity of about 43.58% and specificity of about 41.70%. Pap smear has the sensitivity of about 43.58% and specificity of about 41.70%. Conclusion: Visual inspection with acetic acid is simple and easy. It is effective and can be used as an alternate strategy in low resource settings where screening for cancer cervix by Pap smear is not always possible due to inadequate cytologists.

Introduction: When sickled erythrocytes are present in the renal medulla, it causes ischemia, microinfarcts, and papillary necrosis in the kidneys. This condition is known as sickle cell nephropathy (SCN), which is the renal manifestation of sickle cell disease (SCD). Clinically presenting as increased GFR as a result of localised prostaglandin production and enhanced nitric oxide synthase in response to hypoxia, glomerular hyper filtration is the initial sign of SCN. This leads to an increase in renal blood flow and albuminuria 2. Proteinuria types 1 and 4 affect 20–30% of SCD patients. Material and Methods: We also measured height and weight using anthropometric techniques. The individuals’ shoes and top clothing were taken off before these measurements were taken. Every subject’s weight was recorded using digital weighing equipment, which was calibrated as needed and had its accuracy confirmed on a regular basis, to the nearest 0.1 kg. Using a portable stadiometer, the standing height was measured to the closest 1 cm. Weight (in kilogrammes) divided by height (in metres squared) was used to calculate BMI (kg/m2). Using a suitable blood pressure cuff size for the child’s upper arm and a relaxed forearm on the examination table, the resting Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured. Results: Similar to earlier studies, we discovered 5.83% of AKI patients in our investigation. According to Baddam S et al., 17% of vaso-occlusive pain crises had an AKI3 connection. Vasoocclusive pain crises were a frequent side effect in kids with SCA and a known risk factor for AKI, with 2.5–17% of kids admitted to the hospital due to a VOC going on to develop AKI136–38. Acute infection (malaria and sepsis), hypovolemia (insensible loss due to fever, reduced intake, diarrhoea, and vomiting), and the use of NSAIDs to manage Vaso-occlusive crises are recognised risk factors for AKI. Conclusion: Hospital based cross-sectional study design with selection bias, lead   time bias and diagnosis bias which limits its potential to make conclusion. Estimated GFR (e GFR) using Schwartz formula is inferior to ideal measured GFR using cystatin-C or inulin and noble biomarkers for diagnosing AKI like KIM-1 & NGAL are quite expensive which was beyond the scope of our study.

Background: Ozenoxacin, a novel topical antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity against gram-positive bacteria, has recently received food and drug administration approval for the appropriate therapeutic management of impetigo which a extremely contagious bacterial skin infection. Objectives: To evaluate the safety, bacteriological efficacy, and clinical outcomes of 1% ozenoxacin cream against 2% mupirocin cream following a 7-day, twice-daily topical treatment period for paediatric impetigo patients. Methods: This single-centre, open-label, random allocation study included 33 subjects with impetigo who attended the dermatology outpatient facility of a tertiary care hospital in central India. Subjects were randomized into two groups; group A received topical ozenoxacin whereas group B received mupirocin. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy was assessed using the skin infection rating scale and microbiological culture. Safety and tolerability were also evaluated. Results: The clinical efficacy of ozenoxacin was shown to be superior to that of mupirocin, as evidenced by a more rapid achievement of positive treatment outcomes after a 4-day period. (8 of 16 vs 2 of 17; p-value = 0.038). Ozenoxacin also demonstrated superior clinical (14 of 16 vs 13 of 17) and microbiological (15 of 16 vs 14 of 17) success as compared with mupirocin, after 7 days of therapy. Both the drugs were well tolerated, with only one subject on topical mupirocin experiencing adverse effect which was not serious. Conclusion: Both ozenoxacin and mupirocin have demonstrated efficacy and excellent tolerability as topical treatments for impetigo in paediatric patients aged 2 to 10 years. The study revealed that Ozenoxacin had a notable benefit in terms of its prompt onset of response.

Introduction: Globus pharyngeus, is a sensation of something stuck in the throat and it is a very common clinical condition in ENT practice. It is intermittent or persistent sensation of lump or foreign body in throat. It is relieved by solid food or liquid ingestion and aggravated with dry swallow. It commonly involves middle aged females and this clinical condition is long lasting, difficult to treat and has tendency to occur again and again. It is very difficult to stabilize any standard protocol of diagnosis of globus sensation due to its varied etiology. Careful history, examination and investigation are crucial steps in the diagnosis of globus pharyngeus. Globus pharyngeus is defined as: (1) Persistence/intermittent sensation of lump in throat or foreign body sensation in throat for at least 12 weeks. (2) Sensation occurs in between meals. (3) Absence of any dysphagia/odynophagia. (4) Absence of achalasia, pathological GERD, motility disorder like scleroderma of esophagus. Aim and Objectives: (1) To estimate the common cause of globus sensation in patients attending ENT OPD of MAMC, Agroha. (2) To study the demographic profile of patients with globus. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, Hisar. Based on the findings by Moloy et al (The globus symptom, incidence, therapeutic response and age and sex relationship. Moloy PJ, Charter R; Arch Otolaryngology. 1982; 108(11):740.), the prevalence of Globus sensation in the general population is estimated to be 4.1%, assuming a relative precision in the estimate of 80%. Result: The study showed that globus pharyngeus was a clinical condition with a female predominance (62.7%). The most common age group affected was 31-40 years (33.3%), with a mean age of 39.5 years. The condition was more common in the rural population (75.3%), with the most affected occupations being farmers/labourers (32.0%) and the most affected education level being illiterate (34.6%). The majority of those affected were married (88%). The common causes were gastroesophageal reflux disease (36.6%), upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction (19.3%), esophageal motor disorder (12%), pharyngeal inflammatory cause (7.9%), psychological factors and stress (6.6%), thyroid swelling (6%), upper aerodigestive malignancy (2.6%), tongue base hypertrophy (2%), cervical osteophytes (2%), Eagle’s syndrome (2%), retroverted epiglottis (1.3%), and Vallecula cyst (1.3%). Conclusions: Based on our study, we conclude that globus pharyngeus predominantly affects females of age group 31-40 years, mostly married, illiterate farmer/labourer belonging to rural population and most common cause being gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Background and Objective: Renal cell carcinomas are thought to be the 8th commonest adult malignancy, representing 2% of all cancers, and account for 80-90% of primary malignant adult renal neoplasms. Earlier small renal masses were seen mainly as incidental findings at autopsy or in nephrectomy specimens. To evaluate the utility of the RENAL scoring system in predicting operative approach  of renal masses. Methods: Nephrometry scoring was done in 50 patients in the tertiary care centre from 2018 to 2020 and the score sum along with its individual component scores was evaluated to assess its their relationship to surgical approach. Results: Increasing tumor complexity as given by total nephrometry score was associated increased incidence of both radical nephrectomy and open partial nephrectomy (P =0.0001). Patients who underwent radical nephrectomy had a significantly larger size, proximity to pelvicalyceal system, and location component as compared to those of partial nephrectomy. Comparatively those who underwent open partial nephrectomy had higher values of individual components (R, E and N mainly). Conclusion: The R.E.N.A.L nephrometry score has standardized, objectified decision making and made the assessment and reporting of renal masses very reproducible.

Background and Objectives: Although diathermy was regularly used for tissue dissection, cutting and haemostasis, its use for making skin incision not so popular in day to day practice. Scalpel skin incision produces a clean, incised wound with minimal tissue destruction. To compare the healing of incision in both procedures. To compare the operative time, To compare incidence of post operative wound infection. Material and Methods: Study area: Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar. Study Population: 14 – 65 years age group. Study period: January 2019 – June 2020. Sample size: A total 60 patients was studied. Among them 30 patients were randomly selected for diathermy skin incision and another 30 patients for scalpel skin incision. All even cases were selected for diathermy and odd for scalpel skin incision. Conclusion: Our study one and half year randomized clinical trial into two groups. Even cases were selected for diathermy and odd for scalpel skin incision in patients undergoing midline general surgery like intestinal obstruction. Blunt abdominal trauma and peptic ulcer diseases evaluation was doses in terms of incision time, amount of blood loss, post operative pain, post operative analgesic requirement and post operative wound infection. Results were analysed using mann whitney U test and chi square test.

Background and Objectives: Peptic ulcer disease affects more than 4 million people around the world every year. Complications are encountered in 10%-20% of peptic ulcers of which 2%-10% perforate. To evaluate and compare the incidence of gastric and duodenal perforation. To evaluate and compare the causes of gastric and duodenal perforation. Material and Method: This was a retrospective comparative study which included 153 patients who were admitted and treated in the Upgraded Department of General Surgery at Darbhanga Medical College, Darbhanga for the management of peptic perforation peritonitis between July 2019 to December 2020. Conclusion: Gastric and duodenal perforations are common presentations of peptic ulcer disease but each one of them have their own individuality. The incidence of peptic ulcer perforation had decreased in the past decade but the burden of disease still remains in our society. The incidence of gastric ulcer perforation has increased in the past few years and much still is needed to evaluate the cause and management of the disease.

Introduction: Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), or a heart attack, remains a major global health concern. Timely medical care during an AMI is vital, as every moment can impact patient outcomes. Pre-hospital delay, the time from symptom onset to treatment initiation, is a critical period. Despite efforts to reduce delays, challenges persist. This study explores the multifaceted factors contributing to pre-hospital delay in our region, with a focus on socio-demographic, clinical, situational, and cognitive influences. Material and Methods: This 12-month prospective observational cross-sectional study, conducted from February 2022 to January 2023 in Silvassa tertiary care center, aimed to investigate pre-hospital delay factors in Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) patients. A total of 150 AMI patients aged 18 or older were included, with exclusion criteria for severe communicative impairments. The AMI diagnosis considered medical history, electrocardiographic criteria, and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Data collection employed a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographics, clinical details, situational factors, and cognitive factors. Interviews and medical record reviews were conducted, following informed consent. Descriptive statistics, normality checks, univariate comparisons, and logistic regression analysis were performed using SPSS 20.1.1 to assess factors contributing to pre-hospital delay. Results: In our study of 150 AMI patients, the mean age was 49.9 years. Most patients were ≤60 years old (60.6%) and male (74.7%). The majority was married (88%), belonged to the upper-middle class (52%), and resided in urban areas (59.3%). The median pre-hospital delay was 2.5 hours, with a mean delay of 6.5 hours (±14.54 hours). Gender significantly influenced delay, with males seeking medical attention sooner than females (p = 0.01). Marital status also played a notable role, with married individuals having shorter delays compared to unmarried counterparts (p = 0.04). Socioeconomic status and education levels showed significant associations, with higher classes and education linked to shorter delays (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Urban residents reached medical care more promptly than rural residents (p = 0.02). The origin and seriousness of symptoms, as well as the mode of transport, showed significant associations with delay (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study identifies several critical factors that significantly influence pre-hospital delay in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The delay is significantly influenced by demographic and psychosocial factors that emphasize the need for targeted interventions to expedite access to medical care for AMI patients, ultimately enhancing their outcomes.

Background: Ironically, patients who have experienced cardiovascular events like acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been found to benefit from being overweight or obese in terms of survival. Regardless of the fact that AMI individuals with diabetes had more deaths from cardiovascular disease than their counterparts without diabetes, this obesity paradox has not been examined in this population. Thus, examining the relationship among BMI and death from all causes in AMI individuals who have or do not have diabetes mellitus was the aim of this long-term study. Methods: 12 individuals with diabetes and 28 patients without it, ages 28 to 75, were enrolled in the study. They were drawn from a population-based AMI registry in India. Individuals with their first AMI were monitored until December 2022. Structured interviews and review of charts were used in the data collection process. The relationship between BMI and mortality over the long-term from all causes was also analyzed. Results: Patients with AMI who were of average weight had the greatest long-term mortality rates (5 deaths per 100 person years) in both the diabetes and non-diabetic groups. Following covariate adjustments, patients with AMI who did not have diabetes showed a substantial protective impact from overweight and obesity on all-cause mortality (overweight: hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, obesity: HR 0.65). On the other hand, individuals with diabetes who had AMI did not exhibit an obese paradox. Nevertheless, stratified studies revealed survival advantages in diabetic over-weight AMI individuals who had been taken statins before developing AMI (HR 0.50) or four evidence-based drugs when they were discharged from the hospital (HR 0.53). Conclusion: Unlike AMI patients with no diabetes, AMI individuals who have diabetes have no advantage from an increased BMI in terms of survival. More research that stratifies its samples according to diabetes status is required to look into the underlying causes of these findings.

Background: It is yet unknown how variations in proteinuria relate to myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals suffering from diabetes or pre-diabetes. Our goal was to assess the independent and predictive significance of variations in proteinuria during a period of two years in relation to the prevalence of MI in individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes. Methods: This prospective cohort study’s baseline and two-year dip-stick screening findings were used to categorize people into 4 groups: no proteinuria, incident proteinuria, persistent proteinuria, and remittent proteinuria. The effects of various confounding factors were taken into account by developing four multi-variable Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Over a median follow-up of 6.69 yrs, there were 3 MI occurrences from the 176 individuals in this study. The correlation between the incidence of MI and persistent proteinuria persisted even after accounting for laboratory indicators and demographic variables (hazard ratio [HR] 1.90). A 24% reduction in the incidence of MI was found to be caused by each decrease in proteinuria between 2020 and 2022 (HR 0.65). Diabetes and alterations in proteinuria were found to interact, however MI was unaffected. Conclusions: In the population of pre-diabetics and diabetics, chronic proteinuria is a distinct risk component for the occurrence of MI. These results should aid medical professionals in interpreting changes in proteinuria in the outpatient context and in suggesting potential preventive measures for individuals with pre-diabetes or diabetes.

Introduction: Anemia and diabetes mellitus are recognized as significant risk characteristics contributing to increased short-term mortality rates subsequent to an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The prevalence of anemia is higher among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the coexistence of diabetes along with anemia on outcomes following myocardial infarction. Methods: Data from a comprehensive registry covering the entire population were obtained for a cohort of consecutive AMI hospital admissions. The study categorized patients into four categories based on diabetes and anemia presence: Category 1 (8 patients with both), Category 2 (17 patients with diabetes but no anemia), Category 3 (9 patients with anemia but no diabetes), and Category 4 (40 patients with neither). The study focused on two primary outcome measures: mortality rates at 30 days and from 31 days to 36 months. Results: At 30 days, mortality rates were: Category 1 (31.3%), Category 2 (15.1%), Category 3 (20.5%), and Category 4 (5.6%). From 31 days to 36 months, mortality rates were: Category 1 (46.6%), Category 2 (21.8%), Category 3 (33.3%), and Category 4 (11.4%). Diabetes as well as anemia continued separate risk characteristics for 36-month mortality, with odds ratios of 1.51 and 1.49, respectively. Cardiovascular deaths from 31 days to 36 months accounted for 42.7% in Category 1, 53.1% in Category 2, 46.0% in Category 3, and 49.8% in Category 4. Conclusion: The coexistence of diabetes and anemia in patients is related with a markedly elevated mortality rate when compared to individuals with either diabetes as well as anemia in isolation. Cardiovascular mortality continued to be the predominant cause of death across all cohorts.

Introduction: The cervical vertebrae, located in the neck region of the spinal column, is recognized by the presence of the Foramen Transversarium (FT) on their horizontal processes. This anatomical feature allows for the passage of vertebral artery. Variations in the size, shape, and number of FT may lead to clinical symptoms, emphasizing the need to understand these anomalies for safe and effective medical interventions. The study’s primary objective was to investigate the significance of foramina transversaria in the cervical spine. Methodology: In this study, 150 cervical vertebrae were macroscopically examined to identify the presence of accessory FT. The investigation was conducted over a 16-month period and excluded vertebrae with congenital defects or pathological issues. The data collected was analyzed and presented in a tabular format. Results: Out of the 150 cervical vertebrae investigated, 50 exhibited accessory foramen transversarium, resulting in an incidence of 33%. Among these, 15 featured Unilateral Accessory Foramen Transversarium, primarily on the left side. Bilateral Accessory Foramen Transversarium was more common, with the foramina often found in the lower spinal vertebrae (C5 and C7). Conclusion: Observations of this research shed light on the occurrence and characteristics of accessory foramina transversaria in cervical vertebrae. This knowledge is valuable for spine surgeons and radiologists, especially when performing computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. Additionally, it underscores the importance of precise anatomical understanding in surgical procedures involving the cervical spine, as even minor lesions to the vertebral artery can result in life-threatening hemorrhage. The research serves as a foundation for future investigations aimed at enhancing surgical methodologies and improving patient safety in cervical spine surgeries.

Background: Diabetes mellitus has become a major global health problem. It’s a state of hyperglycemia which causes spectrum of long term systemic complications having considerable impact on individuals in their most productive years. Altered platelets have been reported in such patients and has been considered as a ‘prothrombotic state’. Identification of such patients can be easily made by simple routine haematological analysis which is a cost-effective tool that could possibly benefit the diabetic patients by preventive actions. Methods: A cross sectional hospital based study of platelet parameters MPV, PDW, PCT and P-LCR was carried out on 110 diabetic patients from December 2019 to May 2021. Complete blood count with platelet parameters PC, MPV, PDW, PCT, P-LCR, FBS and PPBS, HbA1c, ECG, FLP, RFT and microalbuminuria was done . Statistical evaluation was performed by using Student’s t test and Pearson correlation test. Results: In the present study, maximum proportion of patients were in the age group of 61-70 years accounting for 37.27%.With regards to MPV, 49% of them had the values between 8.9 -11.8 fl, and about a quarter of them had MPV above 11.8fl. Majority (88%) of them had their PDW above 15.3 fl. Majority (66%) of diabetics had the plateletcrit value above 0.24%. total of 53.63% patients had the LCR above 35%. Thus it was seen that a quarter of the population had higher MPV, 88% of them had a higher PDW, 66% of them had a higher PCT value and just above 50% of them had LCR above 35%. It was also seen that more the duration of diabetes, higher the MPV and LCR. Pearson’s correlation showed that there was a positive relationship between MPV and HbA1c suggesting that as the HbA1c increases, MPV value also increases. A Student T test was done to assess the relationship between presence of microvascular complications and platelet indices. MPV and LCR were higher among those with microvascular complications when compared to those without complications. This relationship was also found to be statistically significant with p value <0.05. Conclusion: Longer the duration of diabetes, higher the MPV and P-LCR. There was a positive relationship between MPV and HbA1c suggesting that as the HbA1c increases, MPV value also increases. MPV and P-LCR were higher among those with microvascular complications compared to without complications.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a modern-day disease with micro and macrovascular problems that have an impact on a person’s quality of life. The condition stays undiscovered due to its asymptomatic nature. A screening method for identifying CAD in asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is required. This study aims to assess the accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography and treadmill tests in diagnosing asymptomatic coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at a Tertiary care centre of Davangere. After receiving ethical committee approval, 101 consecutive individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were either hospitalised or attending amount patient department who were asymptomatic for coronary artery disease were recruited and data was collected from JULY 2020 to AUGUST 2021. All study participants underwent thorough clinical examination and necessary laboratory tests. All individuals with normal resting ECG were followed up with a 2D echocardiography and treadmill test. Results: TMT was positive in 32 (31.8 percent) of the 101 individuals in this study, and negative in 69. (68.31 percent). LVDD was found in 14 of the participants. TMT was positive in 11 (34.4%), 17 (53.1%), and 4 (12.5%) patients with diabetes for less than five years, five to ten years, and more than ten years. Conclusions: Silent myocardial ischemia prevalence in current study was 31.8 percent of asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Longer duration of diabetes, socioeconomic characteristics, delay in diagnosis, presence of autonomic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, dyslipidemia, and HbA1C levels are all strong clinical predictors of silent myocardial ischemia inasymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To study the various port site complications associated with laparoscopic surgeries. Methods: Single centre observational retrospective and prospective study conducted at AIIMS, Bhopal between Jan 2018 to Jan 2020 (MRD), February 2020 to January 2021(Department of General Surgery). Sample size was based on convenience sampling and included all the files retrieved from MD of patients who have undergone laparoscopic surgery and the patients who underwent laparoscopic surgeries. Data such as patient demographics, diagnosis, procedure details and complications were noted. Patients were contacted telephonically and asked about any discharge from surgical site or any swelling at surgical site. Results: The mean duration of surgery for all procedures was 112.48 minutes with a standard deviation of 45.28. the mean post-operative stay was 4.36 days with a standard deviation of 2.73. the frequency distribution of ports >10mm. 5 patients of the 133 had surgical site infection, with a frequency of 3.75%. 1 Patient reported port site hernia. 95.48% of the study population did not reports any port site complication. The association of port site complication with diagnosis. 3 of the 5 patients who had surgical site infection had cholelithiasis. One had appendicitis and one had hernia. One patient reported port site hernia at umbilical site also had cholelithiasis. Conclusion: The incidence of port site complications is higher in laparoscopic cholecystectomies. There is a higher chance of surgical site infections in patients who have diabetes. The incidence of port site infections is higher at umbilical sites as compared to other port sites. No association was found between technique of closure and port site infections.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to compare the radiological and functional outcomes of patients who have sustained mallet finger fractures. Methods: The study involved patients admitted to Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, India within a week of their injury for two years, provided they were aged 18 to 55, fit for anaesthesia, and without concurrent fractures in the same finger. Exclusions comprised individuals with open injuries, head injuries, or severe medical conditions. Results: The majority of patients achieved positive outcomes in terms of both function and radiological union. However, six patients experienced extensor lag due to premature splint removal or inconsistent splint usage, and no other significant complications were observed. Furthermore, all patients demonstrated radiographic union within 10 to 12 weeks, with minimal articular misalignment (<1mm) in 34 individuals and slightly greater misalignment (1-2mm) in 2 individuals, and notably, no signs of joint degeneration were observed during this timeframe. Conclusion: Although the mallet finger fixation method is technically challenging, it shows favorable outcomes in the short term. Surgical precision, particularly in the one-shot drill and screw insertion, demands a high level of accuracy and patience.

Objectives: Orthopaedic implants associated infections are the major problem of surgical site infection, lead to high morbidity and mortality. They are preventable if its risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the regional area are timely recognized. Aim: This study is aimed at determining prevalence, risk factors and bacterial profile of orthopedic implants associated infection. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The study group comprised of 90 patients who had undergone orthopaedic prosthetic implant surgeries and presented with signs and symptoms of infections. The demographic data were recorded and all related risk factors were noted. Samples are taken from the infection site and processed in the laboratory for identification on microorganism as per the standard protocol. Results: The prevalence of implants associated infection was 25.7% (90/350). Majority of the patients were 45-60 years predominantly male. Interlocking nails and dynamic compression plates were the most common used implants. Obesity, smoking, duration of the surgery, pre-operative blood transfusion and prolonged duration of hospital stay were the significant risk factors associated with the infections. Among overall isolated organism 60.1% was Gram negative bacilli and 39.9% were Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus (25.5%) was the predominant isolate followed by pseudomonas (15.5%), Klebsiella (12.3%) and Coagulase Negative staphylococci (11.1%). Conclusion: obesity, smoking, duration of surgery and post-operative hospital stay were the significantly associated risk factors and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent isolates in orthopedic implants associated infections.

Objectives: The aim of the current study is to assess laparoscopic and open hernia repair outcomes, including pain, surgical duration, recurrence, post-surgery complications, and hospital stay duration. Methods: The study took place at Govt. Medical College in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India, for one year (2022-2023) and involved 100 patients equally bifurcated into group A (open surgery) and group B (TAPP repair). The exclusion criteria were patients with complex hernias needing urgent medical intervention, individuals with psychological disorders, and those unfit for general anaesthesia. Results: The patients in Group A (open-repair) patients experienced significantly higher postoperative pain levels compared to Group B (laparoscopic group) on the pain rating scale. The average surgical time for patients treated by open surgery was 43.5 minutes, significantly shorter than those treated by laparoscopic (TAPP) procedure which was estimated to be 59.07 minutes (p=0.0001). Superficial wound infections, hematoma, and seroma occurred exclusively in the open hernioplasty cohort, rather than the TAPP hernioplasty cohort. The TAPP surgery treated patients presented no serious complications, with only 2 cases of recurrence (rare), and orchitis (3 cases). In contrast, the cohort that underwent open surgical procedure exhibited 2 cases of orchitis, 3 hematoma cases, and 2 wound infections. Group B patients resumed routine activities faster, and pain disappeared within 14 days of surgery. Conclusion: The study’s findings support the safety and preference for laparoscopic TAPP repair over open hernioplasty in patients belonging to diverse age groups. In this study, the TAPP approach for hernia treatment proved to be an effective alternative to traditional open surgery, with benefits like reduced post-surgery pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker return to daily activities. However, it was also associated with some potential drawbacks, including a higher recurrence rate, longer surgery times, increased costs, and the risk of complications like intestinal obstruction due to abdominal cavity entry.

Background: According to estimates, the prevalence of diabetes among the Indian population reached around 77 million individuals in the year 2019. The projected estimate for this numerical value is anticipated to surpass 134 million by the year 2045. The implementation of dietary and physical activity modifications is crucial for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) can delay the onset of diabetes-related chronic conditions such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, while also mitigating their advancement.  Methodology: In this 12-week prospective trial, 100 uncontrolled T2DM patients were randomly assigned to the Lifestyle Modification Group and Control. The LMG received supervised and guidance on lifestyle modification. Whereas the other group received Standard treatment and medication changes. HbA1c, FBS, and PPBS were measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Result: The difference in the changes found in both the groups were statistically significant, as indicated by p-values less than 0.0001 for both blood sugar that is fasting and postprandial, p-value less than 0.001 for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Conclusion: A lifestyle modification program involving dietary changes and exercise demonstrated an improvement in blood glucose levels Keywords: lifestyle modification, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sugar levels

Background: Gastrointestinal tract perforation occurs when pathology of any specific disease involves the entire depth of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal tract perforation leads to the contamination of peritoneal cavity with intestinal contents. According to previous researches it was reported that perforations can be occurred anywhere in full length of gastrointestinal tract. Material & Methods: Patients who were diagnosed as perforation and peritonitis on the basis of laboratory diagnosis and clinical examination were enrolled by simple random sampling. Clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee was taken before start of study. Written informed consent was taken from each study participant. Results: In the present study, out of total study participants abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom present in patients which was followed by fever, abdominal distension and vomiting. On the basis of time of perforation, 10% cases presented within12 hour, between 12 and 24 hour was reported among in 50% cases, in the rage of 24 and 48 hour seen in 20% patients, in the range of 48 and 72 hour reported in 10% cases, in range of 72 and 96 hour reported in10% cases. Near about all patients were operated in the range of 12 hours of hospitalization. We found that majority of cases had circular perforation of typhoid at antimesenteric border which was followed by tubercular elliptical perforation on the antimesenteric border and traumatic type perforation. Conclusion: The most common presenting symptoms present among patients were abdominal pain, abdominal distension, vomiting, fever and obstipation. We found that majority of cases had circular perforation of typhoid at an times enteric border which was followed by tubercular elliptical perforation on the antimesenteric border and traumatic type perforation. Keywords: Gastro-intestinal tract perforation, signs and symptoms, presentation.

Background: Obesity affect people in both developed and developing countries. According to reports, there are about 250 million adults suffering from obesity. In particular, obesity is considered a strong factor in controlling the concentration of circulating CRP concentrations because adipose tissue is involved in the regulation of cytokines. Inspite of being healthy, increased adipose tissue depots in overweight and obese persons are associated with subclinical inflammation that leads to slightly increased serum CRP level. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the association of serum CRP level with BMI in overweight and obese healthy persons as compare to persons having normal BMI. Methods: Determination & comparison of serum CRP was done between 50 Cases & 50 healthy controls aged from 18 to 45 years.  Along with BMI, biochemical parameter CRP analysis was done using immunoassay techniques. Statistical comparison was done, results were expressed as Mean ± SD, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: All groups were statistically matched in age and sex, means there was no significant difference in age and sex distribution in all groups. Serum CRP concentrations in cases & controls were (2.77 ± 1.36mg/L) & (1.07± 0.59 mg/L) respectively, showing p-value <0.0001. Mean CRP concentration in males and females was found to be (2.01±1.30mg/L) and (1.85±1.39mg/L) respectively, showing  p value=0.566, i.e. (p >0.05). Interpretation and conclusion: Although CRP level of both groups was within the normal reference range but significant increases in overweight and obese individuals as compare to controls. A comparatively elevated CRP level in overweight and obese persons as compare to normal persons is an indication of low grade systemic inflammation. Keywords: Obesity, cytokines, inflammation, CRP (C-reactive protein).

Background – Gall stone disease a common clinical condition ,mostly affecting the females. Its incidence is increasing in the recent times , owing to various risk factors.Previous literature have reported metabolic syndrome to be present in patients diagnosed with gall stone disease. Aims & Objectives- To assess the association between the presence of gallstone disease and metabolic Syndrome. Material & Methods- This prospective, observational study recruited patients (n=60, age range 20-65 yrs) having cholelithiasis who were admitted in the Department of Surgery , of our tertiary care Hospital from January 2023 to September 2023. Normal healthy persons (n=60, age range 20-65 yrs) with no evidence of cholelithiasis on ultrasonography were taken as controls.CBC, fasting blood sugar, serum lipid profile,ultrasonography was conducted. Metabolic syndrome was defined by adult treatment panel III (ATP III) criteria.  Results – Both the groups were comparable with respect to age and gender & with no statistically significant difference. In the Case group, 24 (40%), while in control group 11(17% ) of the study participants fulfilled the criteria for metabolic syndrome which showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Waist circumference , diabetes mellitus , low serum high density lipoprotein were statistically significantly higher in Case group as compared to control group . Hypertension & serum triglycerides levels were also elevated in case group with no statistically significant difference. A positive association was found between waist circumference , DM & low serum high density lipoprotein & gall stone disease which was statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion – Metabolic syndrome was statistically significantly associated with gall stone disease & can be used to predict the risk . Increased waist circumference , diabetes & low serum high density lipoprotein are the noted findings in Gall stone disease & should be management to prevent any complications.  Key words – Metabolic syndrome ,Gall stone disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance ,diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Millions of people are affected with dengue fever every year, which drives up healthcare expenses in many low-income countries. Organ failure and other serious symptoms may result. Another worldwide public health problem is sickle cell anaemia, which is most prevalent in Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe. Dengue epidemics have reportedly occurred in locations with a high frequency of sickle cell disease, compounding the health problems in these areas. Aims and objectives: This study examines dengue infection in sickle cell disease-afflicted pre-schoolers. Method:This Retrospective cohort study examined paediatric patients. Young people with sickle cell disease (SCD), dengue infection, and a control group without SCD or dengue were studied. Data on demographics, SCD consequences, medical treatments, and laboratory findings were gathered to analyse the influence of SCD on dengue severity and clinical outcomes, classified as severe or non-severe by the 2009 WHO classification. Using fever or admission symptoms, the research estimated acute illness duration. Result: Table 1 compares haemoglobin genotype-based dengue episode features in SS, SC, and controls. Table 2 shows that severe dengue cases are older, have longer admission delays, and have particular symptoms.  Table 3’s multivariate analysis indicates SS genotype’s high connection with severe dengue, multiorgan failure, and acute pulmonary problems. Table 4 relates severe dengue to greater white blood cell counts, anaemia, liver enzymes, and reduced lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusion: This study is valuable but confined to hospitalised dengue patients with sickle cell illness. Small cohorts limit comparisons. Further study is needed since findings contradict predictions. Keywords: Dengue, chills, headache, severe myalgia, vomiting, nausea, and prostration

Background & Methods: The aim of the study is to identify specific age group and distribution of carcinoma breast in females. All biopsy / FNAC proven cases of Ca breast in females.Results: In our study we found maximum no. of of cases in age group of 41-50 i.e. 29.5%, followed by 25.5% in age group of 31-40. Maximum cases in stage II (45%) followed by 38% in stage III. We found Postmenopausal (67%), Perimenopausal (18%) & Menstruating (15%) Conclusion: Carcinoma of Breast is the most commonly site-specific cancer in women & is the leading cause of death from cancer for female 35-50 years of age. Breast Cancer accounts for 32% of all female cancer and is responsible for 19% of the cancer related deaths is women. In our study most common presenting complaint is lump in breast (98%). In our study most common presenting complaint is lump in breast (98%). Keywords: age, carcinoma, breast & females. Study Design: Observational Study

Background: Placenta Previa (PP) is linked to substantial use of healthcare resources due to its significant contribution to both foetal and maternal morbidity and death rates, particularly in poor nations. Complications include a range of possible adverse outcomes, such as the occurrence of excessive haemorrhaging and premature delivery, alongside the need for caesarean section. The objective of this research was to ascertain the prevalence, identify the risk factors, and examine the poor feto-maternal outcomes associated with placenta previa. The present study employs various methodologies. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken using the maternal medical data obtained from Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur, in India covering the period from August 2021 to July 2023. Results: The study comprised 128 individuals, ranging in age from 20 to 38 years, with an average age of 28.6 ± 4.5 years. 66 (51.6%) of the pregnant women in the research were multipara, while 62 (48.4%) were primigravida. A 1% PP rate was detected. Approximately 60.2% of patients, or 77, experienced substantial postoperative problems, whereas 39.8%, or 51, had moderate postoperative problems. About 61% of moderate placenta previa (PP) cases- 31 of 51- are nulliparous. About half of placenta previa patients had a previous caesarean. 34 of 51 patients (66.6%) with minor postpartum haemorrhage (pph) and 59 of 77 (76.6%) with severe pp had antepartum haemorrhage. Conclusion: The positioning of the placenta may have a significant role in influencing the outcome of a pregnancy. This research emphasises the need of comprehensive obstetrics care and timely identification of women who are at risk of developing placenta previa, since these measures have the potential to mitigate the occurrence of such issues. Keywords: placenta positioning, maternal and fetal outcomes

Background: Awake craniotomy includes awake brain surgery. Awake Craniotomies started in the 1800s. This procedure requires a comprehensive preoperative analysis and patient counselling. For tumor excision and brain mapping in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, awake craniotomies are recommended. This therapy often lowers post-operative morbidity. This study aims to evaluate the success of awake craniotomy in the cases included in it. Method: This is a retrospective study conducted on the cases for which awake craniotomies were performed at BJ Medical College in Gujarat, India. The anaesthetic management procedure was carried out, the procedure conducted was evaluated for various parameters, and an analysis of the outcomes was performed. Results: The awake craniotomy conducted on 8 patients was successful, with certain complications during the procedure that were later managed. The average stay of the patients post-operatively was reduced to 3 days. The surgeon’s satisfaction score ranged from fair to excellent. Conclusion: Awake craniotomy reduces the number of days of hospital stay, decreases the risk of postoperative morbidity, and decreases the chances of complications. The evolution of the awake craniotomy can result in a successful operative procedure with increased patient satisfaction. Recommendation: Awake craniotomy can give successful outcomes if the patients are cooperative during the procedure. So patient counseling before the procedure is mandatory for an awake craniotomy. Keywords: awake craniotomy, tumor removal, scalp block

Introduction: Chronic subdural hematomas (CSH) often manifest as a consequence of mild trauma in the elderly population. Nevertheless, it has been observed that there has been a rise in the population of individuals diagnosed with chronic subdural hematoma who were undergoing consistent anticoagulant treatment. The present study aims to demonstrate the correlation between the use of earlier generation anticoagulant medications and the increased incidence of hemorrhagic subdural cranial hematoma (HSCH). This association is mostly attributed to challenges in effectively managing the international normalised ratio (INR) and the potential risk of drug overdose. Method: The study was done in the Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Bhagalpur, in India over the period spanning from September 2021 to September 2022. Results: The findings indicate that the highest proportion of patients, accounting for 24.71%, were on anticoagulant treatment and fell within the age range of 51 to 60 years. In 37.07% of instances, individuals who had anticoagulant medication exhibited INR values within the normal range, while 35.95% of these patients displayed INR levels beyond the threshold. Nineteen individuals in our study had deaths, all of whom were on anticoagulant treatment with earlier generation medications. Conclusion: The broad use of anticoagulant medication, both for preventive and therapeutic objectives, is a significant strategy in addressing the high incidence of hemorrhagic stroke and cerebral haemorrhage. The improper and excessive use of anticoagulant medication, along with the excessive reliance on complex terminology and the development of newer generations of anticoagulant pharmaceuticals, contributes to a heightened occurrence of hemorrhagic subarachnoid cerebral haemorrhage (HSCH). The use of novel anticoagulant medication is favoured due to its reduced reliance on regular laboratory testing. The monitoring of International Normalised Ratio (INR) is a crucial aspect in clinical practise. Keywords: Chronic subdural hematoma; Anticoagulants; Prothrombin time; INR

Background:  Pleural effusion is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. It can be a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians because of the multiple etiologies of lung, pleura or systemic disorders.
Material and Methods: 95 patients with newly diagnosed pleural effusion based on Chest – x-ray PA view we’re studied . 20 ml of pleural fluid was aspirated and sent for biochemical, microbiological, and pathological analysis. Echocardiography, USG abdomen, and biopsy of the pleura were carried out in the same patients whose etiology or diagnosis was not clear.
Results: Clinical manifestations were: 65 (68.4%) had fever, 75 (78.9%) had cough, 44 (46.3%) had breathlessness, 22 (23.1%) had pedal oedema, 46 (48.4%) had chest pain, and 5 (5.26%) had abdominal distention. 57 (60%) patients had tubercular pleural effusion, and 38 (40%) had non-tubercular pleural effusion. In non-tubercular pleural effusion  9 had (23.6%) synpnemonic effusion, 6 (15.7%) had CCF, and 13 (34.2%) had malignancy, 2 (2.1%) had rheumatoid arthritis, 2 (2.1%) had dengue fever, 2 (2.1%) had pancreatitis, and 4 (4.20%) had nephrotic syndrome.
Conclusion: In the present study, it was concluded that most of the pleural effusions are tubercular, but the etiological evaluation of plural effusions is very important to diagnose and treat accordingly.
Key words: tubercular, non-tubercular, malignant, cell cytology, CCF, cirrhosis

Background: Rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial in the treatment of acute appendicitis, a common surgical emergency. The clinical community has developed tools like the Alvarado (ASS) and RIPASA scoring systems to facilitate this diagnosis. However, research into how successful each method is as a diagnostic tool is on-going. The purpose of this retrospective study is to evaluate the performance of these two scoring systems in a defined group of patients.
Method: Five hundred patients who met the study’s inclusion criteria were analysed retrospectively. Clinical parameters, test results, and measurements on a variety of scales were all included. We compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Diagnostic Odds Ratios (DORs) of the Alvarado and RIPASA scoring systems to evaluate their diagnostic efficacy.
Result: The sensitivity of the RIPASA system was found to be 0.91, compared to 0.85 for the ASS; the specificity was found to be 0.78, compared to 0.72; the positive predictive value was found to be 0.80, compared to 0.74; the negative predictive value was found to be 0.89, compared to 0.83; and the diagnostic odds ratio was found to be 10.25, compared to 7.00. Statistically substantial differences (p < 0.05) favoured the RIPASA scoring system in this study population, highlighting its potential clinical advantage in identifying acute appendicitis.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the RIPASA scoring system for acute appendicitis has superior diagnostic accuracy in the context of our study population. More study is required to confirm these results in larger patient populations and to develop improved diagnostic tools further.
Keywords: Acute Appendicitis, ASS, Diagnostic Accuracy, RIPASA Score, Scoring Systems.

Introduction: The presence of a subcutaneous distal tibial fracture is a surgical difficulty and might potentially lead to complications such as delayed union, non-union, wound infection, and wound dehiscence. Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) is a recommended surgical procedure for the treatment of distal fractures that are displaced or unstable. This approach is favoured because to its technical benefits and favourable clinical results.
Methods: The present study used a prospective design to investigate a cohort of adult patients who had sustained distal tibia fractures and were subsequently treated using locking plates using the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) approach. Consecutive patients diagnosed with Gustillo type 1 open fracture, with or without articular extension, were included in our study. The evaluation of clinical outcome was conducted with the Olerud and Molander Score (OAMS). A radiographic evaluation was conducted in order to determine the presence of radiological union.
Results: Out of the total sample size of 30 patients, the right side was affected in 53% of the cases. The most prevalent form of fracture seen was the 43.A1 type, accounting for 47% of the cases. The post-operative assessment using the OAMS revealed that 67% of patients had an exceptional result, 27% had a good outcome, 6% had a fair outcome, and none of the patients experienced a poor clinical outcome. The attainment of radiological union occurred within a span of 12 weeks for 20% of the cases, between 12 and 16 weeks for 23% of the cases, between 16 and 20 weeks for 50% of the cases, and within a range of 20 to 24 weeks and 24 to 28 weeks for one patient each. A total of five patients exhibited superficial wound infections, while four patients had ankle stiffness, and two cases showed delayed union.
Conclusion: The results of our investigation indicate that the use of the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) approach with a locking compression plate does not have a detrimental effect on the blood supply to the periosteum. Furthermore, the success of this technique does not only depend on the compression exerted between the plate and the bone. Therefore, it can be concluded that minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) is a very efficient therapeutic approach for managing fractures of the distal tibia.
Keywords: Distal tibial fractures, locking plate, Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis

Background: Obstetric labour induction is crucial for various maternal or foetal health reasons. It is still a therapeutic decision with possible effects on mother and newborn outcomes and how labour is induced.
Methods: In a group of 200 women giving birth at the Hospital, researchers evaluated the efficacy and safety of several induction techniques. Statistics, such as chi-square testing and multivariate regression, were used to examine the data culled from the EMRs.
Results: Our study of 200 women indicated that the use of prostaglandins was linked to a 72.0% success rate for vaginal births, while membrane stripping was linked to a 61.5% success rate. Furthermore, the rate of postpartum haemorrhage was lowest (9.0%) in cases where a Foley catheter was used to induce labour and most significant (15.0%) in situations where synthetic oxytocin was used. Foley catheter induction was associated with a significantly lower incidence of postpartum haemorrhage compared to membrane stripping (p <0.05), and prostaglandins were considerably more effective than synthetic oxytocin at achieving successful vaginal deliveries. These findings highlight the significance of labour induction techniques on birth outcomes and maternal problems.
Conclusion: These findings provide critical information for obstetricians to consider when making decisions in the clinic. However, the potential biases introduced by the study’s retrospective nature must be considered. More research is needed to understand labour induction techniques’ impact and long-term implications on mothers and infants.
Keywords: Cesarean Section, Labor Induction, Maternal Complications, Neonatal Outcomes, Obstetrics.

Introduction: This cross-sectional study aims to examine the correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses in thyroid nodules, shedding light on the reliability of these diagnostic methods.
Methods: A total of 200 thyroid nodules were included in this study. A cross-sectional design was employed, and the sample was selected based on predefined criteria. Cytological diagnoses were obtained through fine-needle aspiration (FNA), while histological diagnoses were derived using surgical biopsy.
Results: The examination of 200 thyroid nodules revealed a correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses in the majority of cases. Nevertheless, noteworthy disparities were detected in 15% of the nodules. These findings carry substantial implications for the accuracy and consistency of thyroid nodule diagnoses. Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the correlation between cytological and histological diagnoses in thyroid nodules. The observed discrepancies underscore the need for further research and refinement of diagnostic approaches in clinical practice.
Keywords: Thyroid Nodules, Cytological Diagnosis, Histological Correlation.

Background : Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in both industrialized and developing countries. Indeed, it is one of the leading causes of under-five child death in the world. Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in worldwide. It accounts for 15% of death worldwide. In addition, socioeconomic and environmental factors like overcrowding, air pollution, passive smoking, practice of bottle feeding etc., contribute to the significant rise in incidence of pneumonia during recent years . Delay in seeking tertiary care facility is another contributing factor for increased mortality in severe pneumonia.
Objective : To study the clinical profile and Risk factors of ALRI in children aged 2 months to 5 years.
Materials and Methods: The present Case Control study was carried out by the department of Pediatrics at Chamarajanagara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chamarajanagara from March 2022 to September 2022. A Total 100 study subjects with LRTI and 100 controls were enrolled for the purpose of the study . Details of potential risk factors in cases and controls were recorded in pre-designed proforma.
Results : In the present study nearly 15% of the subjects were classified to be having Pneumonia only , 60% of them as Severe Pneumonia and 25% of them has very severe Pneumonia. On Analysing various common risk factors associated with lower respiratory tract infection in the present study it was found that immunization Status , type of house  Birth weight and Malnutrition status of the children were found to be statistically significant and other risk factors were found to be statistically insignificant .
Conclusion : This study has shown that the risk factors for ARI that have been identified—such as low birth weight, inadequate immunisation, hunger, and type of housing—had statistically significant associations that may be changed. Simple tactics like proper diet, immunisation, avoiding pollutants, parent education, and environmental cleanliness can change these risk factors
Keywords: LRTI, WHO, Pneumonia, Risk Factors, Malnutrition

Background: The main aspect of wound repair is the long-term aesthetic or cosmetic appearance of the scar, as the thyroid gland is located on the anterior aspect of the neck and is easily visible. Postoperative wound closure is preferred after surgery.
Method: Out of 50 (fifty), 25 patients were closed by the sub-cuticular suture technique, and 25 were closed by steristrips followed by thyroidectomy. Verbal analogue scales and visual analogue scales were compared. Moreover, a cosmetic visual analogue was also compared after the 6^th week of the surgery.
Results: Comparison of verbal analogue scale for neck mobility and visual analogue of neck mobility after certain intervals and significant p value (p<0.001). After six weeks of surgery, the steri-strip technique had 23 (92%) excellent and 2 (8%) good results, and sub-cuticular had 20 (80%) excellent results and 5 (20%) good cosmetic appearance.
Conclusion: In the present pragmatic study, it was concluded that steri-strip sutures were better in visual, verbal, and cosmetic analogue and reduced the stay in hospital as compared to sub-cuticular suture technique.
Keywords: stri-strips, sub-cuticular, visual analogue, verbal analogue, Telangana

Background: Dehydration in new-born infants may be due to various reasons like inadequate breast feeding, primigravida mothers, poor support to mother and early discharge from hospital. Dehydration in neonates cause fever, increased jaundice, electrolyte disturbances like hypernatremia, acute renal failure. Dehydration may also lead to serious illnesses like convulsions, coma, cerebral venous thrombosis, aortic thrombosis and peripheral gangrene. Many studies in the literature have focused on hypernatremic dehydration in neonates. Limited studies have been done regarding overall profile of dehydration.
Objective: To study the clinical profile of neonates admitted to SNCU (Sick New born care unit) with dehydration. To determine the effects of interventions on the admission due to dehydration in neonates and use of IV fluids.
Materials and Methods: Hospital based observational study was conducted among 102 Neonates admitted to SNCU, Department of Paediatrics, CIMS Hospital, Chamarajanagara for a period of 24 months from March 2020 to February 2022. Neonates aged <28 days, Birth weight more than 2 kg, Gestational age >34 weeks and Weight loss >10% were included in the study. Neonates with Congenital anomalies, Birth asphyxia were excluded from the study. Institutional ethical clearance was obtained prior to start of study and informed consent from Parents or Guardian was taken prior to recruitment, data was collected from neonates admitted in SNCU with dehydration. Data was entered in MS excel and analyzed using SPSS 22 version software. ANOVA Test was the test of significance for quantitative data and chi-square test was the test of significance for qualitative data. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: In the present study majority were in the age group <7 days (94.1%), females were in majority (52.9%). Most common primary diagnosis was Jaundice in 37.2%, AKI in 29.4% and neonatal sepsis in 24.5%. 87.3% were discharged, 2.9% had mortality and 9.8% were referred to higher centre. Majority of neonates were managed with IV Fluids + Breast feeding (78.4%), 15.7% were only breast fed or used expressed breast milk and 5.9% received artificial feeds. Among neonates managed with IV fluids, mean days of admission was 3.86 ± 1.466 days, among breast fed neonates 5.44 ± 0.814 days, among neonates who received feeds 6.50 ± 1.049 days.
Conclusion: Neonates admitted with dehydration in SNCU had varied clinical features and diagnosis. IV fluids with Breast feeding reduced the duration of admission in SNCU and mortality rate was reduced. Neonates receiving other interventions such as Exclusive breast milk or artificial feeds needs to be carefully monitored for early discharge.
Keywords: Neonates, Dehydration, Intervention, Sick Newborn Care unit (SNCU)

Background: Benign breast diseases (BBD) can occur at any age during the life span of a female. The breast is a dynamic organ that undergoes cyclic changes throughout a woman’s reproductive life.
Method: 50 (fifty) female adults aged between 20 to 60 years with BBD were studied. Routine blood examinations, radiological investigations (USG/mammography), and pathological investigations (FNAC/HPE discharges) were also carried out if necessary.
Results: 44 (88%) breast abscesses were observed from menarche to menopause, 4 (8%) in lactating mothers, 2 (4%) in post-menopausal women, 5 (10%) breast abscesses, 1 (2%) cold abscesses, and 2 (4%) cystic mastalgia. 16 (32%) fibro-adenomas, 3 (6%) fibro-adenosis, 12 (24%) mastaliga, and 1 (2%) tubercular lesion were observed.
Conclusion: It is concluded that BBD can be managed with medication, and in resistant cases, surgery intervention is required. In certain cases, the clinician has to wait and watch the prognosis of BBD.
Key words: benign breast diseases (BBD), menopause, non-malignant, lactation, HPE (histopathological evaluation)

Background: The increasing incidence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mucormycosis has prompted a critical examination of its surgical management. This retrospective study investigates the outcomes and complications of various surgical procedures, aiming to provide insights into optimal treatment strategies for this complex condition. Aim and objectives: To analyze mucormycosis in patients with preceding or coexisting COVID-19 to explore risk factors, clinical presentation, and surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This single-center retrospective analysis included 288 patients diagnosed with post-COVID-19 mucormycosis. The cohort, with a mean age of 53.8 years, underwent diverse surgical procedures, including endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), functional endoscopic sinus surgery, debridement, orbital exenteration, antrostomy, palatal resection, alveolectomy, middle and inferior turbinectomy, orbital decompression, septoplasty, septectomy, and partial maxillectomy. Data on demographics, comorbidities, surgical outcomes, and complications were systematically extracted from medical records. Result: Complication rates varied across procedures, with ESS demonstrating a rate of 25%, consistent with previous studies. Debridement, a cornerstone procedure, showcased a complication rate of 21%. Middle and inferior turbinectomy was performed in 90% of cases, emphasizing its frequent involvement in disease progression. Recurrence occurred in 21% of cases, with notable variations in timing and characteristics. Overall, patient survival was 88%, with mortality primarily linked to severe systemic involvement and delayed presentation. Conclusion: This comprehensive analysis of 288 cases contributes significantly to understanding the surgical management of post-COVID-19 mucormycosis. The varied outcomes across procedures underscore the need for a personalized approach to patient care. Continued research efforts are crucial for optimizing strategies tailored to the complexities of Mucormycosis management in the post-COVID-19 era. Keywords: post-covid-19 mucormycosis, surgical management, complications, middle and inferior turbinectomy, antrostomy, glycemic control.

Background: Cancer of the uterine cervix is the second most common malignancy among Indian females with very high mortality rates. Cervical cancer evolves through well understood progression model from pre-cancerous lesion to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with progression to invasive cancer. The identification of these pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix by cervical cytological screening will enhance cure rate by timely management and thereby reduce mortality rates. The aim of the study is to determine incidence of the various pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions of cervix using pap smear as a screening test and their incidence among different age groups. Materials and Methods: It is a retrospective study of pap smears conducted on the 2,450 cases for two years from January 2021 to December 2022. This study was conducted by the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with the help of department of Pathology using The Bethesda system 2014. Results: Pap smear was done on a total of 2450 patients on outpatient basis. Out 2450 smears, 150 (6.1%) were reported as having epithelial cell abnormalities. The most frequent epithelial cell abnormality reported in our study group was Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) seen in 65 cases (2.65%), followed by high grade Squamous intraepithelial lesions seen in 40 cases (1.63%) and atypical squamous cell of undetermined Significance seen in 22 cases (0.89%). Atypical Glandular cells (AGC) were seen in 3 cases, while squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 20 cases (0.81%) on cytology. Mean age of women with abnormal pap smear was 43.4 years. LSIL was more common in age group of 41-50 years, while HSIL was more frequently noted between 31-40 years. Conclusion: Our study highlights the importance of routine pap smear screening for detection of precancerous lesions of cervix.

Background: This study was to document portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG)  and portal hypertensive colopathy (PHC) in a given cirrhotic with anaemia.Methods: 87 patients participated in this hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study, which was carried out from January 2016 to July 2017 at the Department of Gastroenterology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, MSRIT, Bengaluru. The patients underwent a thorough clinical evaluation, history, and physical examination, Biochemical investigations like CBC, LFT, PT-INR,Peripheral smear, Serum iron studies, Vitamin B12 levels,Viral markers-HBsAG and Anti-HCV, etiological workup for the underlying cirrhosis was done, USG abdomen was performed to confirm liver cirrhosis, all patients underwent Upper GI endoscopy and colonoscopy. CTP and MELD score were calculated in all patients. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and the participants provided written informed consent.Results: There were 68 males and 19 female patients, the mean age was 53.6 years. Mild anaemia was present in 29.9% of cases, moderate anaemia in 49.4%, and severe anaemia in 20.7% of cases. On upper GI endoscopy, mild PHG was present in 67.8%, severe PHG in 31% and GAVE was present in 2.3%. On colonoscopic examination, portal hypertensive colopathy was present in 26.4% and rectal varices in 10.3%. Mild PHG and severe PHG were statistically significantly correlated with the CTP score (p = 0.006/0.003). The correlation between PHC and severity of underlying liver disease (CTP status/MELD score) was not statistically significant (p = 0.062/0.431). The correlation between Hb and PHC was statistically significant (p = 0.001). There was a difference in the Hb values between the patients with or without PHC (8.4±1.6 gm/dl vs. 9.9±1.8 gm/dl, p = 0.001). There was a difference in the Hb values between the patients with or without severe PHG (8.3±1.6 gm/dl vs. 10±1.7 gm/dl, p < 0.001). The correlation between PHG and PHC was statistically significant (p < 0.001). PHC was present in 73.9% of patients with severe PHG, only 26.1% of patients with mild PHG had PHC.Conclusion: Mild PHG and severe PHG were statistically significantly correlated with the CTP score. The presence of severe PHG on upper gi endoscopy was associated with severe anaemia (Hb < 8gm/dl) and the presence of PHC on colonoscopy was associated with lower Hb (PHC absent Hb-9.9±1.8 gm/dl, PHC present Hb-8.4±1.6 gm/dl). The correlation between the increasing severity of PHG and the presence of PHC was statistically significant.

Background: Electronic cigarettes are the most common form of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems. E-cigarette emissions typically contain nicotine and other toxic substances that are harmful to both users, and non-users who are exposed to the aerosols second-hand. These devices have various names, including e-cigarettes, e-hookahs, vaporizer cigarettes, vapes, and vape pens. [1] The heating conditions, especially on humectants, flavourings and the low-quality materials used, have been associated with over-all effects on the lung, airway physiology (hyperreactivity, increased airway resistance, mucus hypersecretion), host defence and alveolar compartment.[2] Lung volume measures the amount of air present for a living being to inhale or exhale. On the other hand, lung capacity is the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration. [3] It is known that vape smokers are prone to lung obstructions and scarring. It is characterized by a spectrum of clinicopathological conditions mimicking pulmonary disease. In the US –2,807 cases of E-cigarette associated lung injury (EVALI) were documented in 2019, out of which 68 were fatal. Moreover, it has been reported that the heating process itself can lead to the formation of new decomposition compounds of questionable toxicity. [4] Nicotine e-cigarettes can cause dependence or addiction in non-smokers. Young non-smokers who use e-cigarettes are more likely than non-users to initiate smoking and become regular smokers. [5]Methods: An offline survey was conducted with a self-prepared questionnaire among the sample size of 105 e-cigarette users of age group 18 and above coming to respiratory medicine OPD of Sree balaji medical college and hospital. The questionnaire included questions to analyze their knowledge, attitude and practice about e cigarette smoking habits. The descriptive statistics analysis was carried out including frequency and percentage. The results of the study were tabulated. Data entry and analysis-: Data entry was done is MS-EXCEL sheet, 2010 graph was presented in MS EXCEL, 2010.Results: 78% of the study population was male, where 39% of them had 2 years and 13% of them had 4yrs of smoking history. Among the study population 30% of them smoked 1 to 100 puffs per day and 9% of them were symptomatic.The mean age among the study population was 24 years and mean FEV1 is 108.2 whereas FEV1/FVC IS 81.6. 4% of asymptomatic and 5% of symptomatic patients show decreased FEV1/FVC values and 5% of asymptomatic and 7% of symptomatic patients show decreased FEV1 values, thus in broad spectrum there are 9% of symptomatic and 91% of asymptomatic study participants.

Conclusions: The present study revealed that the Smoking Index of the individual has direct correlation with various medical Comorbidities and there is significant association between patients’s FEV1/FVC values. The number of puffs was an important risk factor. There is a mild decrease in the FEV1, FVC, FEV25/75 and FEV1/FVC values of the e-cigarette users. Thus the erroneous belief that E-cigarettes are less harmful to health than tobacco-containing cigarettes must be addressed with urgency. Counseling on the cessation of vaping and offering them the needed support can make a difference in the patient’s lives.

Background and objectives: A prospective, randomized study was undertaken to compare perioperative infusion of dexmedetomidine versus labetalol for controlled hypotension in functional endoscopic sinus surgeries under general anaesthesia. Methods: Sixty adult patients undergoing FESS were randomly allotted to two groups. Group Dexmedetomidine (n=30) received a bolus dose of 1mcg/kg over 10 minutes followed by infusion at 0.4-0.8mcg/kg/hr and group Labetalol (n=30) received a bolus dose of 0.25 mg/kg/hr infused over 10 mins followed by 1-2 mg/min/IV infusion dose titrated during maintenance to achieve target MAP of 70-75mmHg. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded at regular intervals. Surgical site assessment was done by surgeons using Fromme’s scale. Awakening time before extubation, recovery time (by Aldrete score), sedation score (using RSS scale) and surgeon satisfaction score were recorded. Statistical analysis was done with Chi-square test for qualitative data and Independent t test to identifythe mean difference between two quantitative variables. Results: Both drug regimens were able to produce and maintain controlled hypotension and thus optimal surgical conditions. Early recovery times were seen in Labetalol group whereas higher surgeonsatisfaction and higher sedation scores noted in the Dexmedetomidine group. Conclusion: Both dexmedetomidine and labetalol provide controlled hypotension and oligemic surgical fieldduring FESS under general anaesthesia. However, surgeon satisfaction and postoperative sedation were better with dexmedetomidine although early recovery was seen with labetalol.

Background: In the field of women’s health, medical professionals frequently have to make a diagnosis and treat individuals who exhibit excessive vaginal discharge without much other information. A correct diagnosis cannot be made until the lab work is finished and the patient’s medical history is examined. Only then can the two common causes of vaginal discharge with identical symptoms lactobacillosis and other factors be distinguished. This study aims to explore the function of lactobacillus in bacterial vaginosis and vaginal discharge.

Methods: After selecting all patients who presented with vaginal discharge, only those with physiological normal vaginal discharge and those with bacterial vaginosis were isolated, and only in these two groups was lactobacillus counting performed.

Results: Recruitment was done for 270 patients with vaginal discharge. Among them, 140 patients had normal vaginal discharge and 60 had bacterial vaginosis. Research was conducted to determine the function of lactobacillus in both normal vaginal discharge and bacterial vaginosis. 85.72% of patients with normal vaginal discharge had a lactobacillus count >10⁶ (CFU/mL), compared to 85% of patients with bacterial vaginosis who had a lactobacillus count <10⁶ (CFU/mL). Fischer’s exact test revealed a statistically significant correlation (p value of 0.001) between the number of lactobacilli in normal vaginal discharge and the number in bacterial vaginosis.Conclusion: Reduced lactobacillus count in bacterial vaginosis and increased count in normal vaginal discharge were statistically significantly correlated.

Background: Pregnant women often have asymptomatic and symptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic bacteriuria is accelerated during pregnancy. If managed, this can result in acute pyelonephritis as well as other unfavorable consequences such preterm, postpartum, hypertensive disease, anemia, urinary tract infections, and increased chances of fetal mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the most frequent bacteria and their susceptibility to antibiotics in pregnant women, as well as to assess the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria.Methods: From February 2023 to September 2023, 230 pregnant women in good health who made their first appointment at the antenatal outpatient department at MMCH, Madhubani, Bihar, had their bacteriuria assessed.Results: Ten percent of pregnant women had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Except for those living in rural areas, demographic and obstetric factors had no discernible impact on the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria (χ2=4.454, p=0.0348). 52.17% of the microorganisms were Escherichia coli. Amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and aminoglycosides all cause less sensitivity in uropathogens than imipenem and aminoglycosides. Conclusion: In the study, pregnant women had a significant rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Demographic and obstetric characteristics did not significantly affect the risk of ASB, with the exception of living in a rural area. Thus, in our setting, routine asymptomatic bacteriuria screening for expectant mothers is advised.

Background: It is estimated that by 2035, the number of Indians affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) will have nearly doubled. Divergent views exist on the audio-vestibular system’s involvement due to ongoing study on the microvascular issues associated with it. Thus, this study was carried out to assess the audio-vestibular capabilities in patients with diabetes mellitus and ascertain their association with the course and management of the condition.Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study comprised 97 DM patients who underwent clinical evaluation, the Dix-Hallpike maneuver, and investigations such as videonystagmography (VNG) and pure tone audiometry (PTA). Results: Of the 97 patients, 64 reported sensorineural hearing loss in varied degrees on PTA, and 16 had vestibular hypofunction on the VNG caloric test. When 5 years of DM was used as the cutoff, it was found that the occurrence of bilateral hearing loss and vestibular hypo-functioning were statistically significant (p value 0.028 and <0.001, respectively). After analyzing the symptoms with PTA and VNG, it was shown that there was a strong link between tinnitus and hearing loss (p values of 0.03 and <0.001, respectively) and aberrant findings in both examinations. This suggests that the vestibular dysfunction is subclinical. But no meaningful associations were discovered with DM’s glycaemic control. Conclusion: Larger studies in other populations are required to further confirm the correlation, but it is recommended to consider audio-vestibular evaluation with PTA and VNG as screening tests for long-term DM patients with or without symptoms of giddiness and hearing loss as a step towards early identification of microvascular complications of the inner ear.

Background: All age groups are affected by the common condition known as oral submucous fibrosis. The disease has spread to be a modern-day epidemic due to the widespread usage of tobacco, gutka, and betel chewing. A variety of treatment modalities, with differing degrees of success, have been tried to lessen the effects of the condition, such as antioxidants, systemic and local steroids, and physiotherapy. Methods: From August 2023 to October 2023, the ENT Department at Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital in Turki, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, conducted this study to gather information regarding the effectiveness of intralesional steroid injection in instances of oral submucous fibrosis.  There were forty individuals in total who had oral submucous fibrosis at presentation.Results: The study revealed that the greatest age incidence for both sexes was between 26 and 35 years old. There may be regional variations in the absorption of gutka and areca nut, among other factors. In terms of sex incidence, this study revealed a 9: 1 male preponderance. This could be as a result of men using gutka and betel more frequently than women do. All of the patients in this study had fibrous bands, mucosal blanching, and trismus. The most important haematological finding in this series was anemia.Conclusion: An efficient way to manage it and get rid of the morbidity is to inject hyaluronidase with dexamethasone. It relieves symptoms as well.

Background: An acquired pigmentary abnormality of the skin is vitiligo. Depigmentary white areas on the skin with normal border or surrounding hyperpigmentation are how it presents itself. Vitamin D, or vitD, has been linked to a number of different medical disorders in recent years. Similar to a hormone, it is produced in the skin and plays a significant role in skin pigmentation by increasing the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme, which in turn influences the formation of melanin. It also exhibits a range of immunoregulatory characteristics. In autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, alopecia areata, DM, RA, and SLE, vitamin D levels have been reported to be lower. The purpose of this study was to look for any connections between vitiligo and serum vitamin D levels. Methods: Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels were measured in all subjects involved in this case control study (21 patients and 21 age and sex matched healthy individuals) once they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The relationship between vitamin D level and the vitiligo disease activity index (VIDA), affected body surface area (BSA), lesion site, patient age, and length of vitiligo was assessed.Results: In all, 42 people were included in our study: 21 vitiligo sufferers and 21 control subjects. In comparison to the control group, the mean serum level of vitamin D was considerably lower in the patient group (17.3 ng/ml ± 5.3 vs. 25.8 ng/ml ±7.9, P = 0.006). Age, the length of vitiligo, and the affected body surface area did not significantly correlate with vitamin D level (P>0.05), although there was a significant variation in 25(OH)D levels between the different grades of VIDA.Conclusion: This study findings that patients with vitiligo had a significant 25(OH) D shortage raise the possibility that vitamin D deficiency contributes to the pathophysiology of vitiligo.

Background: A systemic, inflammatory, chronic autoimmune disease with silvery scales covering the body, psoriasis is linked to obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular problems. There has also been recent news of a link between vitamin D levels and psoriasis. This study’s primary goal was to compare the vitamin D status of psoriasis patients to that of healthy controls. Methods: This study is a case-control, observational epidemiology study. From June to August of 2023, it was held at the outpatient department of dermatology and venereology at the Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Turki, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. In this study, 140 individuals were recruited and divided into two groups: 50 patients with psoriasis and 90 healthy controls. The level of vitamin D3 in both groups was measured. Results: When comparing males and females, the vitamin D levels in the control group were similar (P value = 0.263). Winter had the lowest vitamin D levels, while autumn had the greatest (P value < 0.001). Vitamin D3 levels were lower in underweight individuals and greater in those with a normal body mass index (P value=0.002). There was a significant difference in vitamin D levels between males and females in the psoriatic group (P value = 0.007). When comparing variable age groups (P value = 0.142), seasonal variation (P value = 0.387), and body weight (P value = 0.676), no significant differences were found. When comparing the vitamin D3 levels of the psoriatic group and the control group, there was a significant difference (P value < 0.001). Conclusion: Comparing the psoriatic group to the control group, vitamin D3 levels were considerably lower.

Background: Globally, diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic metabolic disorders. The hematological values on a complete blood count show the physiochemical alterations in the blood caused by continuous hyperglycemia. This study aims to assess the usefulness of hematological markers in the management of uncomplicated diabetes mellitus.Method: During the 12-month period from July 2022 to June 2023, a case control study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Darbhanga Medical College & Hospital, Laheriasarai, Bihar, a tertiary care facility. A combination of clinical findings, case records, hematological findings, and a questionnaire were used to assess the 50 patients in the study group who had diabetes and the 50 patients in the control group who did not. Using a Beckman Coulter five part cell counter, the hemogram was analyzed. Peripheral smears stained with Leishman were examined. The significance test was used to analyze the gathered data in order to determine the significance of alterations in hematological markers in patients with diabetes.Results: The diabetic group exhibited anemia as well as elevated leucocyte and platelet counts.Conclusion: An effective method for improving the care of diabetes patients is the monitoring of changes in hematological markers.

Inguinal Hernia is most common General Surgical Problem. Males are more affected than Female. Almost 15 to 20% population develop Inguinal Hernia in lifetime. Among the Inguinal Hernia Patients 90% are Male and 10% are Female. Around 80% are Unilateral and 20 % are Bilateral Inguinal Hernia. Aims and Objective: To study the Early and Late Complication in terms of Pain in Unilateral and Bilateral Inguinal Hernioplasty in Same sitting by Open lichenstien Repair. To Compare Severity of Pain, Mesh Discomfort, Pain at Rest and Analgesics Required duration of treatment In Post Operative Period.Materials and Methods: During period From January 2023 to June 2023, Retrospective Study done on 30 (thirty) Patients Operated for Unilateral and Bilateral Inguinal lichenstien Repair, at Nootan General Hospital and Medical College Visnagar. Visual Assessment Scale was Not used, but direct interview of Post Operative patients done up to 6 months follow up Post operatively, by asking Patients Regarding (1) Mil (2) Moderate and (3) Severe pain Category depends on Activity and Analgesics Requirement.Results and Conclusion: Bilateral Inguinal Hernioplasty in Same Sitting Gives Almost Comparable Outcome to Unilateral Inguinal Hernioplasty by lichenstien Repair, in terms of Severity of Pain and Mesh Discomfort and Time to Early Return to Work.

Aim: To study various ways of reconstructing hemifacial defects following supramajor Onco surgery in advanced oral cancer cases.Introduction: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer. It is a big challenge for oncoplastic surgeons to reconstruct these huge defects, as wide local excision of these tumors creates significant defects in functionally critical tissue. Reconstructive surgery requires close attention to both form and function.Patient and Methods: In our retrospective case series of 12 patients, we performed supramajor surgery for the reconstruction of hemifacial defects on 12 patients by our chief surgeon, out of which 10 were male (83.4%) and 2 patients were female (16.6%). Almost all of them were advanced malignancies and T4 tumors with N0 to N2 nodes and no distant metastasis. TNM cancer staging was all of stage IV, an advanced stage of tumor with histopathological diagnosis of either well differentiated, moderately differentiated, or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.After oncological resection, hemifacial defects were created, which were covered using a combination of two or more flaps, one microvascular and one pedicled flap, or two pedicled flaps or two free flaps. Pedicled flaps such as DP, PMMC, forehead, nasolabial, etc. were used in various combinations with microvascular-free flaps like Fibula, RAFF, ALT, LD, etc.Results: In our retrospective case series of 12 patients presenting with T4-staged head and neck cancer, they underwent resection, resulting in hemifacial defects. Four cases were reconstructed using a bilateral PMMC flap, and in three cases, a bipaddle ALT flap. In three cases, hemifacial defects were reconstructed using a PMMC flap in combination with a forehead or DP flap; one case was reconstructed using bilateral RAFF; and one case was reconstructed using contralateral PMMC with an ALT flap. All the flaps healed well, with functionally and aesthetically acceptable results and no further complications. The patient underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy postoperatively. Conclusion: Post-palliative oncological resections lead to huge hemifacial defects. It is a complex task for the oncorconstructive surgeon. Using a combination of free flaps, pedicled flaps, or regional flaps, defects as huge as hemifacial defects are reconstructed. Hemifacial defect reconstruction requires supra-major oncoconstruction, keeping in mind functional and aesthetically acceptable results.

Background: The study objective involves the evaluation of the preoperative audiovisual information on the operation theatre environment as a tool to relieve anxiety in patient posted for LSCS under spinal anaesthesia. perioperative anxiety is detrimental to both intraoperative hemodynamic instability and postoperative recovery Methods: In this randomized control trial 100 parturient in the age group 18-40 years, American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) II, and admitted for Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups: those who were not exposed to an audiovisual tour (NA) (n=50) and those exposed to audiovisual tour (A) (n=50). The measurements were based on demographic details; visual analogue score (VAS); and Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) for anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and patient satisfaction score (PSS) on five-point Likert scale.Results: The main results depicted significant decrease in VAS score and APAIS for anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and satisfaction level (p<0.05) during intra-operative and post-operative periods in cases of group-A (with audiovisual counselling) than group NA (without audiovisual counselling).Conclusion: A preoperative audiovisual virtual tour of the operation theatre effectively reduces perioperative anxiety and stabilizes Heart rate; it also improves the satisfaction of patients undergoing elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

Background: The effects of Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP) on the foetus are significant. Preterm birth, meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, respiratory difficulties, foetal distress, and death are among the adverse foetal outcomes that are more likely to occur.Methods: This research recruited 101 women who were diagnosed with ICP at Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal in India between January 2019 and March 2023. To evaluate the relationships between foetal problems and maternal clinical and biochemical indicators, single predictor logistic regression models were used. Age, race/ethnicity, gravidity, parity, history of liver or biliary illness, history of ICP in prior pregnancies, and induction were among the clinical variables examined. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein, and total bile acids (TBA) were among the biochemical predictors examined.Results: 1.9% of cases were ICP cases. Most were born by spontaneous vaginal birth (84%), and most had labour induced (87%). In 33% of the births, there were difficulties related to the foetus, most often respiratory distress. Clinical or biochemical variables that were statistically significant were not linked to a higher incidence of foetal problems. Until elevated TBA exceeded 100 mmoL/L, there was no correlation between elevated TBA and foetal difficulties, with 3 out of 5 cases reporting problems. Reduced risk of foetal problems was linked to ICP in prior pregnancies (OR 0.21, p = 0.046). No instances of late-term foetal death were reported.Conclusions: Elevated TBA and other maternal clinical and laboratory characteristics did not seem to be significant predictors of foetal problems in ICP.

Background: Lesions of the gastrointestinal tract along with symptoms represent a pathological condition that can be diagnosed with the help of endoscopy-assisted biopsies. In this study, the histomorphology of the biopsies obtained from endoscopy is used to diagnose the pathological stateMethods: The biopsies obtained were fixed with formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Further processing of the biopsies was done if the H.pylori and celiac disease were suspectedResults: The patients who were presented with the symptoms were mostly 60 years of age. Eight biopsies were from the oesophagus, 18 biopsies were from the gastric region, 13 biopsies were from the colon and rectal regions, and 11 biopsies were from the duodenum region. Most carcinomas in oesophagus region were squamous cell carcinoma; most biopsies in the gastric region were gastritis; and most biopsies in the colorectal region were benign neoplastic lesion.Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that a wide range of lesions can be analyzed to derive their pathological state. Endoscopy along with biopsy aids this process earlier and faster which helps physicians to develop an effective treatment plan.

Background: The study objective involves the evaluation of the preoperative audiovisual information on the operation theatre environment as a tool to relieve anxiety in patient posted for LSCS under spinal anaesthesia. perioperative anxiety is detrimental to both intraoperative hemodynamic instability and postoperative recovery Methods: In this randomized control trial 100 parturient in the age group 18-40 years, American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) II, and admitted for Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups: those who were not exposed to an audiovisual tour (NA) (n=50) and those exposed to audiovisual tour (A) (n=50). The measurements were based on demographic details; visual analogue score (VAS); and Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) for anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and patient satisfaction score (PSS) on five-point Likert scale.Results: The main results depicted significant decrease in VAS score and APAIS for anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and satisfaction level (p<0.05) during intra-operative and post-operative periods in cases of group-A (with audiovisual counselling) than group NA (without audiovisual counselling).Conclusion: A preoperative audiovisual virtual tour of the operation theatre effectively reduces perioperative anxiety and stabilizes Heart rate; it also improves the satisfaction of patients undergoing elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

Background & Aim: Personality traits refer to the enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about environment and oneself. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent and significant tension and restlessness, accompanied by autonomic nervous function excitation and hypervigilance persisting for most of at least 6 months. The present study aimed to know the prevalence of personality traits in patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Shahabad, Haryana, to determine the prevalence of personality traits among patients diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The study involved gathering reliable information through history taking and mental status examination, diagnosing GAD based on ICD-10 criteria, assessing patients’ socio-demographic profile using the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale (2022 version), and scoring the severity of GAD symptoms using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). Additionally, International Personality Disorder Examination for ICD-10 (IPDE) was used to assess personality traits. Result: On Modified Kuppuswamy Scale mostly patients belonged to lower middle SES (48%), 72% patients were of younger age group (19-28 years) and most patients were females (64%). On HAM-A scale, most patient’s scores ranged in the mild severity (64%), followed by mild to moderate severity (28%) and moderate to severe (8%). Using IPDE (ICD-10) module PD traits were detected in 72% GAD patients (n=8). PDs were present in 8% patients (n=2), no PD-traits or PDs in 20% patients (n=5). Cluster C and mixed cluster PD-traits were most prevalent, 28% each. Within Cluster-C, Anankastic PD-traits (16%) were of highest prevalence, followed by Anxious (8%) and Dependent (4%) PD-traits. Majority of patients (57.14%) with mild to moderate severity on HAM-A had mixed PD traits. Cluster-C PD traits with mild severity on HAM-A were statistically significant (p value=0.036), calculated using Pearson Chi-square. Conclusion: Personality impairments were seen in majority of the patients with generalized anxiety disorders having variable sociodemographic distribution. Cluster-C and mixed personality disorder traits were most prevalent while there was a significant association of milder severity of GAD with Cluster-C PD traits.

Aim: We aim to evaluate the stillbirth rate, the main leading factors, its emotional impact on families, and the needs of mothers after the baby’s demise.Design: It is a prospective cohort study that was conducted in the Inpatient wards of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department of Rajindra Hospital, Patiala (a tertiary healthcare institute).Materials and methods: A total of 100 mothers who had stillbirths willingly participated and were surveyed through a questionnaire, centered around World Health Organisation and EPDS standards, following informed consent. Appropriate percentages were calculated for the various categories of our study. Results: The stillbirth rate in our study came out to be 63.4/1000 births. Congenital abnormality and FGR were the most frequent fetal factors linked to stillbirth. Placental conditions like previa and abruption were found in 31% of the cases in our study. 97% of parents went through several stages of grief and bereavement following the loss of their baby. A large number of mothers denied to preserve memories like footprints, hand prints, and locks of hairs and were not interested in going for an autopsy (73%) or dried blood spot testing (89%) in our study. A big share of mothers of the deceased baby were worried about future pregnancy (87%) and future childbirth (93%).Conclusion: Interventions for inter-conception counseling should be undertaken to provide couples with crucial knowledge to enhance pregnancy outcomes, identify fears, assess genetic risk, ease bereavement, and examine attachment and parenting issues.

Introduction: The incidence of AKI with COVID-19 has been reported varying from 3%–9%. A large prospective study has reported the overall incidence of 5.1%.17 In a study of 59 COVID-19 patients with 28 severe cases and 3 deaths, Li et al found that 34% of patients had proteinuria on the first day of admission, and 63% developed proteinuria during the hospital stay. Nineteen percent of people showed an elevated level of serum creatinine. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was elevated in 27% patients and in two-thirds of patients who died. The study also emphasized that renal impairment may be an independent factor of mortality. There is a dearth of data in India, especially among critically ill patients in the ICU. Little to date has been published on AKI in COVID-19 beyond rate; for example, wider descriptions of the timing, urine studies, relationship to respiratory failure, detailed analysis of renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirements, risk factors, and outcomes post-AKI are lacking.Settings and Design: We conducted a cross sectional observational study at a tertiary health care centre in Mysuru, India. Data for this study was obtained from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admitted patients who were confirmed positive by polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample for COVID-19 and those who were hospitalized from October 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 were included.Methods and Material: Patients aged above 18 years; ICU admitted with COVID 19 infection patients. The definition of AKI was considered according to Kidney Disease – Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. The primary outcome was Acute Kidney Injury in ICU set-up. Secondary outcomes was requirement for discharge, death . The RRT facility provided to our patients were in the form of intermittent haemodialysis, sustained low efficacy dialysis or CRRT (Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy). Statistical analysis:The data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The data was entered into Microsoft excel spread sheet. The qualitative variables were coded.The collected data was summarized and presented as frequencies, proportion, mean and standard deviation, depending on the quantitative or qualitative variables. Analysis was performed using SPSS 22 version.Results: Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, we found that 33.8% developed AKI during their hospitalization. In addition, the respiratory disease severity appeared to be less, as only 13.4% of their patients required mechanical ventilation compared with 21.5% among our patients. We also found that the development of AKI among our patients was associated with  poor prognosis. Of 176 who developed AKI, 17 % of them died. Conclusions: In conclusion, we found that AKI was a relatively common finding among patients  hospitalized with COVID-19. It was strongly linked to the occurrence of respiratory failure and was rarely a severe disease among patients who did not require entilation. The development of AKI in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 conferred a poor prognosis.

Background: The angle formed between the mechanical axis of the femur and the anatomical axis of the femur is the anatomical mechanical femoral angle. The alignment of this angle has great importance in performing a proper distal femoral cut during total knee arthroplasty.ethod:100 knees CT scanogramswere selected for study. Anatomical mechanical femoral angle (aMFA) and mechanical femoro-tibial axis angle (mFTA) in adults were compared radiologically, and variations of these angles were noted.Results: The femoral mechanical femoral angle (aMFA) was 6.45⁰ (± 1.24⁰)- range 4 to 10⁰, the mechanical femoro-tibial axis angle (mFTA) was 1.6⁰ (± 0.6).Conclusion: The present correlative study of aMFA and mFTA will be quite useful to orthopedicianartists for distal femoral cuts during knee arthroplasty to maintain normal erect posture post-operatively.

Background: Although MRI is an expensive technique compared to USG, USG examination can’t encompass every lesion or mass of the uterus due to the obscuration of the pelvis by bowel gas; hence, both studies are mandatory to conclude the uterine mass apart from the histopathology of the uterine mass.Method: In 30 adult women with uterine masses, transabdominal ultrasound, transvaginal ultrasound, and MRI were performed in all patients. The observations were compared.Results: The clinical manifestations were: 21 (70%) had pain, 11 (36.6%) had bleeding PV, 9 (30%) had discharged PV, 2 (6.6%) had a mass abdomen, 2 (6.6%) had loss of weight and appetite pre-menopausal, and 10 (33.3%) were post-menopausal.According to their histopathological report, they were classified into five groups: adenomyosis was affected in 7 patients, fibroids were observed in 14 individuals, endometrial cancer was in 2 patients, and cervical cancer was polyp. Out of ten women, two had adnexal pathology.Conclusion: TVS is a good screening modality, but MRI is definitely better for proper characterization and localization of fibroid, enabling clinicians to select the most appropriate management in clinical practice today.

Background: While 30-day mortality and postoperative results in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been reported, the majority of these studies are from Europe and the Middle East and do not provide information on the pandemic’s overall effect on surgical outcomes. Hence, the present study was done to examine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on overall surgical treatment and describe the characteristics and surgical outcomes of probable COVID-19 patients in our nation. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study carried out for 5 months between 1st January 2021 and 31st May 2021 among those who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 preoperatively. Acute kidney injury, thrombotic-associated complications (pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac arrest), 30-day survival following surgery, and postoperative incidence of respiratory complications (atelectasis, pneumonia, ARDS, and pulmonary aspiration) as well as non-pulmonary infectious complications were documented. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows software (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago). Results: 90% of COVID-19 positive subjects as well as 80% of subjects without COVID-19 underwent emergency surgery. Postoperative complications were reported in 31(62%) of COVID-19 positive study subjects. 30-day mortality was 11(22%) in COVID-19 positive patients compared to 3(6%) in those not suffering from COVID-19. Postoperative complications were reported in 17(34%) of COVID-19 negative study subjects. P-value was 0.005 and was significant at p&lt;0.05. Pulmonary complications were seen in 48% of COVID-19 study subjects, p-value 0.039(significant). Sepsis was observed in 36% of COVID-19 positive subjects, p-value&lt;0.001(significant). Thromboembolic complications were observed in 22% study subjects, p-value- 0.021(significant). AKI was observed in 8 % of COVID-19 positive study subjects, p-value-0.695 (not significant).  Conclusion: This study identified that an overall 30-day mortality was higher in patients suffering from COVID-19. According to the current study, postoperative pulmonary problems are linked to a high death rate and affect almost half of patients who have perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Men aged 60 years or older were most vulnerable to adverse outcomes.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a substantial global impact on public health. Its prevalence continues to rise, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. However, T2DM does not affect all segments of the population equally. Socioeconomic status, encompassing factors such as income, education, and access to healthcare, plays a pivotal role in shaping the prevalence, management, and outcomes of this disease. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive investigation into the intricate interplay between T2DM and socioeconomic status. By delving into this relationship, we can gain valuable insights into the disparities in T2DM prevalence, access to care, and health outcomes among different socioeconomic groups. Understanding these dynamics is essential for designing targeted interventions, improving public health policies, and reducing the burden of T2DM on individuals and society as a whole. This research contributes to the broader conversation on health equity and public health interventions. By shedding light on the relationship between T2DM and socioeconomic status, we aim to provide a foundation for evidence-based strategies to mitigate the impact of this disease on vulnerable populations and promote a healthier, more equitable society. Materials and Methods: In this research, we enrolled a cohort of 70 patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), both with and without associated complications. The study encompassed a comprehensive approach, including in-depth history-taking and clinical assessments. Furthermore, the patients were stratified based on their socioeconomic status for further analysis. Results:  Our study revealed that the highest proportion of Type 2 diabetes patients, totalling 31 individuals (44.3%), fell within the upper-lower socioeconomic class.

Kaur, Nishchay Nagpal
Background: In the modern era of medical science, laproscopic surgeries are well preferred over the open surgeries because of less hospital stay time, better cosmetic results, minimal scaring and less post-operative pain. Umbilicus is the important landmark of abdomen. Camera port is inserted through supraumbilical, infraumbilical or Palmers. But recently transumbilical peritoneal entry is also used.  Method: Total 80 patients who underwent laproscopic surgery were included in the study. These patients divided into 2 groups with 40 patients in each group. Group A patients were having transumbilical and group B patients were having infraumbilical first port. The parameters evaluated were ease of entry, time taken to achieve pneumoperitoneum, number of attempts to enter peritoneum, loss of port, subcutaneous emphysema, and gas leak from port site, port site pain, port site infection, port site hernia and Cosmetic outcomes.  Results: Laproscopic cholecystectomy was done in 77 (96.25%) cases and appendicectomy was done in 3 (3.75%) cases. The transumbilical first port entry is easy than infraumbilical port entry. The mean time to achieve pneumoperitoneum was 7.01+2.55 and mean time taken to achieve pneumoperitoneum in group A was 5.24±1.25 which was significantly less than group B i.e 8.79±2.26. Intraoperatively, only 1 (2.5%) case of gas leakage in group A and only 1 (2.5%) case of loss of port in group B was observed. There were 2 (5.0%) cases of port site bleeding in group B. 1 (2.5%) case of bile duct injury and 2 (5%) cases of port site infection were observed in each group A and B. Cases of port site pain observed in group A were 2 (5%) and in group B were 4 (10%). Port site hernia was observed in 2 (5%) cases in group A and in 1 (2.5%) case in group B. Conclusion: The technique of transumbilical port insertion in is easy, safe and significantly less time consuming. However, there is no significant difference in terms of intraoperative and post-operative complications between the transumbilical and infraumbilical port insertion. So, transumbilical port insertion can be considered as an alternative to the infraumbilical port insertion in laproscopic surgeries.

Objective: To provide an overview of the anatomy of Rouviers sulcus and its clinical relevance in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Setting & Duration: JIIU’S IIMSR & Noor hospital, badnapur, Warudi, Jalna, Maharashtra from August 2021 to August 2023.  Methodology: A prospective study of 122 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a rural tertiary care center for a period of 2 years from August 2021 to August 2023. The study included patients above 18 years of age ,both genders, elective cases of symptomatic cholelithiasis and other gall bladder pathologies. The study is observational and documents the anatomy of the rouviere’s sulcus in cases it was identified during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.  Result: A total of 122 patients were included in the study. Rouviere’s sulcus was identified in 97 cases. In 73 cases it was open variety and in 24 cases it was closed variety, in all cases, the sulcus was present above CBD and no complications related to biliary tree injury were seen after identification of this landmark.  Conclusion: The identification of Rouviers sulcus during cholecystectomy is a safe and effective technique that can help to prevent injury to the biliary tract and other surrounding structures. Our study demonstrates the importance of this landmark and its clinical relevance in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Background: In DKA patients, phosphate and magnesium level are decreased and further reduction may occur during insulin treatment. But, usually, these electrolytes are not given, when the patient takes oral diet. If the phosphate level is low, and the patient is not taking oral diet, potassium phosphate can be given. If magnesium level found low level in DKA patient, who developed cardiac arrhythmias, magnesium sulfate can be given. Otherwise, routine supplementation is not needed. Methods: Phosphorus levels was estimated on 1 day, 3 day and discharge/worsening of patient. It was correlated to prognosis of patient in diabetic ketoacidosis in type-2 diabetes mellitus.  Result-Phosphorous levels at Day 1, 3 and during discharge or condition worsening in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis (Study group) Phosphorous levels at Day 1, 3 and during discharge or condition worsening in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus without ketoacidosis (Control group) Conclusion: We conclude that phosphorus the neglected aspect of diabetic ketoacidosis needs due consideration. Significant negative correlation was observed between RBS levels and serum phosphorus levels. Significant long length of hospitalization was observed in diabetic ketoacidosis patients having low phosphorus levels.

Objective: To assess the predictors of treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases treated according to the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of MKCG MCH. All patients enrolled for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis management between January 2019 to December 2019 were included in the study. Demographic details, symptoms, and sputum examination findings were collected from the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis register. Besides, resistance patterns, adverse drug reactions, medication adherence and final treatment outcomes were noted in a predesigned case record form. Data were analyzed using suitable statistical tests. Result: Out of 95 patients, males outnumbered females. Most of the cases belonged to rural areas (89%). The mean age of study participants was 39.1 years. The most common resistance pattern (60%) was to Isoniazid and Rifampicin (HR). Among all, 52% were completely cured. 23% were defaulters, and 3% of them had treatment failure. Death was recorded in 21% of cases. The most common Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) associated with the medications was joint pain. Alcohol and smoking habits, concomitant medications for other co-existing diseases, poor medication adherence, and occurrence of ADRs were the independent negative predictors (P value<0.05) of successful outcomes. Sputum conversion within 3 months positively predicted successful treatment outcomes (P value<0.01). Age, gender, geographical area, and pattern of anti-tubercular drug resistance did not influence the treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Our study observations revealed that the treatment outcomes of MDR TB as per PMDT guidelines were low. It seems there is a need for conducting more programs among DOTS care providers regarding the awareness of risk factors of poor outcomes and patient health education.

Background: Intestinal obstruction is reported as the most common surgical emergencies among all the ages worldwide. Mode of clinical presentation is reported same among all cases but underlying etiology varies among every age group. Acute mechanical Intestinal obstruction reported as the leading causes of hospital admissions in cases of surgical emergency worldwide. Material & Methods: The present cross-sectional prospective study enrolled 30patients of acute intestinal obstruction, along with patients who had hernia with irreducibility and history of pain, vomiting and constipation of both the genders were enrolled for the study. Written informed consent was taken from each study participant. Clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee was taken before start of study. Results: In present study, the most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (30 patients) which was followed by vomiting (26 patients), abdominal distension (25 patients) and constipation (23 patients). The most common sign reported in present study was tachycardia (20 patients) which was followed by tenderness (16 patients ) which was followed by visible intestinal peristalsis (8 patients ) and the rigidity (14patients). Most common type of obstruction was due to adhesions result from previous surgeries(6 patients ) which was followed by obstructed/strangulated external hernia present in(5 patients ) of the patients. Bands and volvulus were present in (4 and 3 patients). TB stricture of ileum were found in (3 patients) followed by hirschprung’s and intussusception among (2 patients) respectively. Other etiologies found were two cases of mesenteric ischaemia, meckels diverticulum and one case of meconium ileus. Conclusion: We concluded from the present study that themost common type of obstruction was due to adhesions result from previous surgeries, obstructed/strangulated external hernia, Bands and volvulus, TB stricture of ileum, hirschprung’s and intussusception, mesenteric ischaemia, meckels diverticulum and meconium ileus.

Aim: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading causes of blindness in Indian children. ROP is more common in preterm infants who have required extensive neonatal care like prolonged oxygen therapy and several other risk factors. We conducted this study with aim of finding clinical & demographic profile of premature babies coming for ROP screening. Methodology:  A Retrospective Analysis of Hospital Data of ROP Screening of 98 babies, which was conducted between April 2020 to April 2021 at Tertiary Care Hospital of South Gujarat, was done. Babies falling in the recommended broad eligibility criteria (Gestational age 34wks, Birth weight 2000gm or Gestational age 34wks with other risk factors) were examined. Result &Discussion: On evaluating the data, we found that majority of babies screened were having Gestational Age 30 wks (44.89%) & Birth Weight between 1-1.5kg (60.2%). At the time of presentation, out of 196 eyes of 98 babies screened, 166 (84.6%) eyes having ROP Stage 0 & 1. While 13 (6.6%) eyes having ROP Stage 2 & above. Preplus disease, Plus disease & APROP seen in 20 (10.2%), 7 (3.5%) & 2 (1.2%) eyes respectively. While 16 (8.1%) eyes found having mature retina. During this 1-year period, 16 (16.32%) babies were falling in criteria for ROP treatment. Conclusion:  On basis of this study, we found low birth weight & prematurity as major risk factor for development of ROP & requirement of timely screening, regular follow-up & treatment to reduce burden of ROP related blindness.

Introduction: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is considered as one of the main reason of mortality and morbidity. Esophageal varices (EVs) and their bleeding is an important complication seen in liver cirrhosis. The EVs are detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which is an invasive produce so the current study aimed to assess liver stiffness (LS) by elastography to detect EV in CLD patients. Material and methods: The present study was a comparative cross sectional hospital based study carried on 140 CLD patients visiting Dispur Hospitals Pvt Ltd, Guwahati, Assam. Upper endoscopy was done on all the participants and they were additionally assessed for liver stiffness with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography. Valid ARFI values could be taken only in 138 patients. Spearman correlation coefficient and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for LS were analyzed and “p value <0.05 was considered as significant.”  Result: The study recruited 140 CLD patients with age mean age of 48.6±12.4years and male dominance. The chief sign and symptom observed in our study was fatigue followed by loss of appetite. The leading etiology of CLD found in present study was alcohol trailed by hepatitis B. The mean liver stiffness was found to be significantly higher in patients with high risk EVs and a significant linear correlation among them was seen. AUROC analysis of liver stiffness by elastography had good predictive values, specificity and sensitivity for high risk EVs. Conclusion: The present study found LS to be good predictor and significantly correlated with EVs. Therefore we suggest liver elastography as a helpful non-invasive tool as substitute to EGD in predicting high risk EVs in CLD patients. This will help clinicians in early detection along with timely and apt management of the EVs.

Introduction: Chronic liver disease (CLD) cases progesses to esophageal varices (EV) as the most common complication. EV is detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), which causes financial burden and side effects to the patients. Till date, liver stiffness (LS) & spleen stiffness (SS) are the mainly explored non-invasive tools by the researchers. So our study aimed to compare efficacy of LS and SS as non-invasive tools to predict EV. Material and methods: The current research was a cross sectional & comparative hospital based done on CLD patients visiting Dispur Hospitals Pvt Ltd, Guwahati, Assam. All patients underwent upper endoscopy & then furthermore assessed for liver stiffness (LS) & spleen stiffness (SS) with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography. Valid ARFI measurements could be seen only in 138 patients. To compare LS and SS values, ‘Wilcoxon signed-rank test,’ ‘Mann-Whitney U test’, ‘Spearman correlation coefficient’ were applied and their ‘receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves’ were compared using the ‘DeLong test’ and “p value <0.05 was considered as significant.” Result: The study recruited 140 CLD cases with male preponderance and mean age of 48.6±12.4years. The main sign & symptom seen in patients was fatigue trailed by loss of appetite and the chief etiology of CLD was alcohol followed by hepatitis B. Mean liver stiffness & SS values were significant in EV and a significant linear correlation of them with grade of EV was seen. AUROC analysis of LS and SS depicted relatively better non-significant predictive value of SS than LS. SS had better sensitivity than LS whereas LS had slightly better specificity than SS. Conclusion: The current study found SS to be good predictor of EV than LS although it was not significant. Therefore we suggest, both LS and SS combined as a helpful non-invasive tool in predicting high risk EV as both have good specificity & sensitivity and can be easily performed in single sitting.

Adolescence is a period of enormous physical and psychological change for young girls. Many adolescents with menstrual disturbances never present to their family doctor or gynecologist. Embarrassment about discussing menstruation, fear of disease, and ignorance about services available may lead to delayed presentation or consultation with doctor. Various adolescent Gynecological problems are menstrual disorders like abnormal uterine bleeding, primary amenorrhoea, PCOD, puberty menorrhagia leading to severe anemia, sexual abuse, pregnancy-related problems, adnexal masses, endocrinopathies, etc. 100 Adolescent girls (10-19 years age) attending to the outpatient department of Obstetrics and  gynaecology suffering from various gynaecological problems were included in study.  In our study 85 %were unmarried and 15 % were married . 80 % has Menstrual disorders , 48 % has Ovarian cyst , 28 % has Leucorrhoea . Most common menstrual disorder was menorrhagia 58 % and 17% had Dysmenorrhoea . 20 % had Secondary amenorrhoea. Adolescents present with a myriad of gynaecological problems. Menstrual disorders were the commonest gynaecological problems of adolescents. Adolescent gynaecology is not a new subject. But it needs increasing awareness and further attention. Since the problems are specific to this group, setting up of separate adolescent clinics is desirable for efficient management.

Background: Seizures are the most common neurological disorder with 4-10% of children suffering at least one seizure in the first 16 years of life. No recent study from Eastern part of India has described the epidemiology of seizure disorder in children. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included children of 1 to 14 yrs with seizure disorder on AEDs over two-year period. Clinical and investigation details (EEG, imaging, and laboratory results) were recorded in pre-designed proforma. Data were analyzed with appropriate statistics Results: A total of 210 children were included. The most common age group was 5-10 years (40%) followed by 1-5 years age group (30.5%). The least common age group was infants (<1 year, 8.6%).  Males were more commonly affected (53%) as compared to females (47%) with a male to female ratio of 1:1.2. Majority were generalised seizures. The most common underlying etiology was infective followed by epilepsy. EEG was abnormal in 73%, MRI abnormal in 70%, and CT brain abnormal in 45%. There was no significant association between the gender and the type of seizure or between the type of EEG abnormality and the type of seizure seen. There was a statistically significant relationship between the type of seizure and the MRI scan abnormality (p-value = 0.04). Conclusion: This study described the clinical, laboratory and imaging finding in children with seizure disorder from Eastern India. Future studies should follow up children with seizure disorder to see the change in profile, imaging abnormalities, and outcomes.

Background: Pediatric sepsis, sepsis syndromes, and septic shock are significant causes of morbidity and mortality among children all over the globe and cause an alarming burden to patient care in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU). With mortality as high as 80% and the relative paucity of epidemiological data regarding sepsis in children, there is a need for large-scale studies to evaluate various aetiologies, risk factors, and factors associated with poor outcomes in children with various sepsis syndromes. Objectives: To study the prevalence, assess the clinical profile, and analyze the laboratory parameters and outcomes in patients with septic shock admitted to PICU.  Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out between December 2019 and November 2021 in the PICU of a tertiary care hospital. All relevant clinical, laboratory, and other data was collected from patients with septic shock aged between 1 month to 14 years.  Results: Among all the patients in PICU with shock, septic shock was diagnosed in 8.06% (n=85) cases, 44.5% (n=33) of them being infants. The mean age was 3 years 10 months with male preponderance. Most of them belonged to lower socioeconomic class (86.4%, n=64). The most common presenting symptom was an abnormality of body temperature (87.8%, n=65). Incomplete immunization was observed in 43% (n=35). Pallor and anemia were present in almost 2/3rd of cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated from the culture of various body samples (47.6%, n=11). Most of the patients were fluid refractory (93.2%, n=65) and required vasopressor support, with 47% among these requiring ≥3 vasopressors. The need for corticosteroid use was associated with adverse outcomes. Various factors having significant association with mortality were inadequate immunization, anemia, positive growth on blood culture, deranged renal and liver function tests, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, multi-organ dysfunction, need for multiple vasopressors, and administration of corticosteroids.  Conclusions: Successful management of pediatric septic shock requires good infrastructure, trained staff, and protocol-based management which may be modified from time to time based on constantly changing evidence-based medicine.

Introduction: Respiratory distress is a major contributor to newborn admission in neonatal period. It also contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. Respiratory distressis not a disease per se, but a common manifestation of varying disorders of both respiratory and non respiratory etiology. Aim & Objective: To study the clinical and etiological profile of respiratory distress in term neonates in early [0-7] days of life and it’s outcome in relation to maternal and neonatal risk factors. Material& Method: This observational perspective study was done in the department of pediatrics SCB Medical College, Cuttack from  to 2022. 180 cases were studied who qualified the inclusion criteria. Observation:  Birth asphyxia (27.8%) was most common cause of respiratory distress followed by TTN (25.6%), Sepsis (18.3%), MAS(10.6%) and CHD(6.7%). RDS, Pneumothorax, Pneumonia, PPHN and surgical cases were other etiologies contributing to the respiratory distress in term newborns.  Mortality in our study was found to be one-fifth of the cases. Birth asphyxia (33.3%), MAS(16.6%) and Sepsis(13.8%) were major contributors of mortality. Conclusion: Perinatal asphyxia, TTN, MAS and CHD still remained major etiologies causing respiratory distress in term neonates. Perinatal asphyxia and MAS are major causes of death. Antenatal factors like maternal co-morbid illness, PROM, MSAF are risk factors for neonatal respiratory distress. Early identification and  appropriate management of these conditions is essential to decrease the neonatal mortality rate.

Abnormal bleeding in the uterus is the problem faced by one-third women who receive treatment from gynaecologists. Several prevalent bleeding in the uterus ccould be because of endometrial tumours, hypertrophy of the endometrium, submucous fibroid tumour and anovulation. The frequency of hysterectomy can be reduced with the precise detection of the underlying cause of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The aim of this study was to assess the aetiology of irregular bleeding from the uterus by the utilisation of office hysteroscopy and transvaginal sonography while comparing the results to the pathological diagnosis, which is considered the benchmark.

Objectives: The study aims to compare the effectiveness of Tension Band Wiring (TBW) and Circumferential Wiring (CW) for the treatment of patellar fractures. It focuses on evaluating postoperative complications, range of motion, and functional outcomes to provide insights into the success of these surgical techniques. Methods: The present study took place in the department of orthopaedics at a tertiary care centre in Bihar, India and employed a prospective design with 80 patients having patellar fractures treated using either Tension Band Wiring (TBW) or Circumferential Wiring (CW). Outcomes, including post-surgical complications and outcome measures, were assessed to compare the efficacy of these surgical techniques. Results: The study revealed that after 12 weeks, 8 cases (13.33 %) exhibited movement restrictions up to 20 degrees. Superficial infection occurred in 5 % of cases treated with both Tension Band Wiring (TBW) and Circumferential Wiring (CW).  6 patients treated using TBW and 4 patients treated using CW showed signs of joint stiffness. These findings suggest similar postoperative complications between the two techniques. In addition, the limitations in range of motion were attributed to factors such as delayed medical consultation, K-wire migration, superficial infection, and periarticular adhesions. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that both Tension Band Wiring (TBW) and Circumferential Wiring (CW) offer comparable outcomes in the management of patellar fractures. The choice between these techniques can be based on the surgeon’s preference, as both exhibit similar rates of postoperative complications and functional results in the immediate and extended period.

Background: Type of suture material used for fascial closure in laparotomies influences the incidence of postoperative complications. Currently there is no consensus on the superiority of either absorbable or non-absorbable suture materials for abdominal fascial closure. Aim of this study was to determine the superior suture material for abdominal wall closure after elective laparotomy among polypropylene and polydioxanone based on the occurrence of specific post-operative complications. Aim: To study the comparative efficacy and outcome of absorbable suture polydioxanone and non-absorbable suture polypropylene in midline laparotomy wound closure. Material & Methods Study Area: Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Mau Ataria, Sitapur, U.P., India Study Design: Analytical study.  Study Groups: Two Groups. Sample size: 40 in each group. Results: Group A – patients with even numbers in which abdominal incisions are closed with absorbable suture material polydioxanone and Group B-patients with odd numbers in which abdominal incisions are closed with non-absorbable suture material polypropylene. Age-wise and Gender-wise a non-significant difference was observed among groups [p=0.9650], [p=0.1596] respectively. Serum amylase & serum lipase level were also found non-significant but the prothrombin concentration and INR were found significantly higher in group A as compared to group B.  Significantly higher difference in group A was also observed in platelet count only in CBC [p=0.0004*]. The KFT showed higher levels of calcium, sodium, chloride, potassium and blood urea in group A as compared to group B, but statistically, a significant difference was observed in calcium [p=0.0085*] and sodium level [p=0.0042*] among the group. A non-significant difference was observed among groups on LFT values. In group A, Serosanguinous discharge was noted in only 1 patient, while in group B, it was observed in 5(12.50%) patients. Abdominal distension was also noted in group A in 1 patient only, whereas, in group B, it was observed in 7(17.50%) patients. Statistically, a significant difference was observed in the burst abdomen [p=0.0402*] and abdominal distension [p=0.0253*]. In Group A only 2 patients had pain and suture sinus formation and in group B, 7 patients had pain, and 8 had suture sinus formation. Statistically, a significant difference was observed among the groups. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it has been determined that the continuous mass closure technique employing, Polydioxanone (PDS) suture material was superior to Polypropylene (PPL) suture material in preventing wound complications.

Background: Meckel’s Diverticulum is a congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract that can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations. This study aims to compare incidental and symptomatic cases of Meckel’s Diverticulum to better understand the clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with this condition. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with Meckel’s Diverticulum at MGM Medical College and Hospital, Jamshedpur. over a five year period. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and surgical outcomes were analyzed and compared between incidental and symptomatic cases. Results: A total of 30 patients with Meckel’s Diverticulum were included in the study, with 60% of cases being incidental findings during other surgical procedures. The remaining 40% presented with symptomatic complications, including gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, and inflammation. The average age of incidental cases was 32 years, while symptomatic cases had an average age of 28 years. Diagnostic modalities such as abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scans, and technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy were utilized in both groups, with CT scans being the most commonly employed. Surgical resection was performed in all symptomatic cases, leading to a resolution of symptoms and a low rate of postoperative complications. Conclusion: Meckel’s Diverticulum is commonly diagnosed incidentally during other surgical procedures and tends to present at a slightly older age in incidental cases compared to symptomatic cases. Accurate preoperative diagnosis through imaging studies is crucial for appropriate surgical management in symptomatic cases. Surgical resection remains the standard treatment for symptomatic Meckel’s Diverticulum, resulting in favorable outcomes and low postoperative morbidity.

Introduction: Pain is after accompanied in a range of 3 to 5 on the VAS which night increases upto 12%, 24 to 48 hours later. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a potent endodontic irrigation but has limited reach in the canal variations. Researchers advise combining NaOCl with EDTA to disinfect. Laser therapy, particularly diode lasers at 810–980 nm, may improve dentinal tubule sealer penetration, disinfection, and pain. Aims and Objectives: This study compares a 980 nm diode laser to traditional endodontic therapy for post-operative discomfort and periapical lesion antibacterial efficacy. Method: In this superiority-based 1:1 randomised controlled experiment from September 2022 to August 2023, diode laser (DL) and traditional endodontic therapy were tested for postoperative pain and microbiological parameters Based on probable follow-up losses, the sample size were increased from 90 to 99 consenting participants. Standard oral cavity antisepsis, rubber dams, and rigorous treatment methods, including microbiological sampling, were used here. Result: The study showed that the Diode Laser and Control groups have similar age and gender distributions. The Diode Laser group reported higher “No Pain” incidence at various time intervals than the Control group. The Diode Laser group’s mean aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were significantly lower throughout the trial. The Diode Laser group exhibited consistently lower mean bacterial counts compared to the Control group for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p < 0.001). Diode laser treatment effectively reduced bacterial populations. All Diode Laser patients reported no pain post-treatment, whereas the Control group experienced varying degrees of discomfort. Statistical analysis confirmed superior pain reduction efficacy of diode laser treatment over conventional methods. Conclusion: This study concluded that a 980 nm diode laser can sterilise root canals and minimise postoperative discomfort in necrotic teeth with periapical lesions.

Background: Pathological autopsy are performed to diagnose a particular disease or for research and academic purpose. They aim to determine, classify or confirm medical diagnosis that undiagnosed or unrevealed before patient’s death. Aims And Objectives: The aim of the study is To study the different histopathologic findings and highlight the interesting cases. To study the demographic and epidemiological parameters in mortality. Materials and Methods This study was undertaken in our department of pathology, Government Erode medical college, Perundurai, from November 2021 to December 2022 to determine the unknown cause of mortality which is undiagnosed in clinical autopsy. Results: A total of 198 studied cases, 18 were autolysed, 50 cases were histopathologically unremarkable. Significant microscopic findings were found in 130 cases. The commonest cause of death is Myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis followed by pulmonary edema and pulmonary Tuberculosis. The incidental and interesting diagnoses we encountered is Leiomyoma larynx, Tuberculous Pericarditis, Myocarditis, Germ cell tumour of testis, Mitral stenosis complicating pregnancy, Acute tubular necrosis of kidney and Chronic Pyelonephritis. Conclusion: Current study was carried out with the purpose to establish the importance of Pathologic autopsy, histological examination of viscera to find the cause of death, its use as a tool to study the epidemiology, demographic pattern of mortality statistics in the regional area. Since myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis is the leading cause of mortality in our study, it emphasize the need for strengthening of Preventive medicine for screening of risk factors at Primary health care level. Since pulmonary tuberculosis also ranks among the leading causes of mortality in our study it emphasize the need for addressing the gap in the diagnosis and treatment of the individual for the better society.

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a broad term that describes irregularities in the menstrual cycle, up to one-third of women will experience abnormal uterine bleeding in their life. Aim: To study histomorphological patterns of endometrial biopsies and their association with ER / PR receptors expression in abnormal uterine bleeding.  Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in tertiary care hospital attached to medical college in northern India. All endometrial biopsies received during the period of January 2021 and June 2022 in the pathology department from both outdoor and inpatients with chief complaints of bleeding per vagina and of reproductive age and post menopausal age were included.  Results: 44 biopsies (40%) were in the age group of 30 to 40 years. 90.91% cases were non neoplastic, the most common histological pattern was 50% cases belong to proliferative phase endometrium, whereas in neoplastic, endometrioid carcinoma (7.27%). ER was positive in 60% and PR was positive in 27.27%. Both ER and PR negative EB has high chances of non malignant lesion (P=<0.001S).

Background: The role of vitamin D3 (VD3), a seco-steroid generated in human skin and processed in the liver and kidneys in a sequential manner, in preserving calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and fostering bone mineralization, has long been established. One major cause of ovarian dysfunction in women who anovulate is polycystic ovary syndrome, or PCOS. The purpose of this research is to determine the VD3 level in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods: 100 women were included in this study: 50 infertile women with PCOS comprised group A (study group), and 50 patients with other causes of infertility (control group) were chosen. To assess the association between VD3 deficiency and PCOS patients, each patient underwent a US examination, a laboratory analysis of their serum VD3 level (postmenstrual), and a hormonal profile (FSH, LH, AMH, TSH, and prolactin level). Results:  In terms of the LH/FSH ratio, AMH, clinical hyperandrogenism, and irregular menstrual cycle, there was a substantial difference between group A and group B. Regarding TSH, prolactin, and VD3 levels, there was no discernible difference between the two groups. Given that it was below normal in both groups, VD was insufficient. The level of VD3 was significantly correlated negatively with hyperandrogenism and AMH. Conclusion: Infertility cases and PCO patients had a shortage in vitamin D3, and there was a strong negative association found between the levels of vitamin D3 and clinical hyperandrogenism, LH/FSH ratio, menstrual cycle, and AMH.

Background: The classification of benign versus malignant pleural effusions frequently leads to a diagnostic conundrum. Evaluation of morphology and clinical findings are frequently necessary for categorization. Cell blocks enhance the chance of a diagnosis when done in addition to standard cytology smears. This will support the medical professionals in managing the patient and assessing the course of the illness. This study compared the cytology of smears with sections of cell blocks from pleural effusions.  Methods: For one year, the Department of Pathology at Nalanda Medical College in Patna, Bihar, conducted this hospital-based cross-sectional analytical study. Results: Each technique was evaluated based on four criteria: the quantity of baseline blood, the production of diagnostic cell material, the degree of cellular degeneration, the presence of cellular trauma, and the preservation of architectural elements. When comparing cell block sections to smears cytology, there was more diagnostic material present and appropriate architecture preservation; however, background blood, cellular trauma, and degeneration were less well-appreciated in the cell block sections that scored higher.  Conclusion: Cell block technique processing should be done on a regular basis, particularly in cases that are cytologically, radiologically, and clinically suspected to be malignant.

The diseases of thyroid lesions comprise conditions related to thyroid hormone deficiency (hypothyroidism), those with excessive release of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism), and mass lesions of the thyroid. Thyroid lesions can be divided into two major types: those with a diffuse pattern of growth and those with nodule formation. The diffuse pattern of growth is seen mainly affecting the entire gland like in hyperplasia and thyroiditis, whereas mass lesions of the thyroid include a vast array of developmental, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Despite using routine investigations like thyroid function tests and radio imaging like ultrasonography and scintigraphy, it becomes challenging to diagnose these thyroid nodules as they cannot discriminate between benign and malignant. Thyroid neoplasm presents a diverse range of tumors with varying biological behavior, although the majority of them can be easily interpreted by characteristic histopathological features. The vast majority of thyroid cancer patients can be cured by initial treatment, and this claims the need for precise and accurate diagnosis of the indolent stage. Immunohistochemical markers are used for the evaluation of thyroid lesions and the markers are studied in normal tissues as well as in benign and malignant tumors with the hope of finding significant differences between these groups. The present study was undertaken to assess the expression of immunohistochemical markers, cytokeratin 19 and galectin 3, for predicting the behaviour of various thyroid neoplasms and support in diagnosing the tumors. Cytokeratin 19 is considered to be useful for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancies, especially in papillary carcinoma and in cytologically suggestive but indeterminant cases. The sensitivity and specificity of CK19 as a single marker are reported to be as high as 92% and 97%, respectively. Galectin-3 (GAL-3) is a 31kDa galactosidase binding lectin found in the cytoplasm and nuclear compartment, playing an important role in cell-cell, cell-matrix interaction, and also in pre mRNA splicing. The implication of this marker has been seen in the regulation of normal cellular proliferation, apoptosis, as well as in malignant transformation and metastasis of cancer cells. The majority of immunohistochemical studies found that galectin-3 was differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma compared with benign thyroid lesion. In the present study, we have taken CK 19 and Gal-3 to study their potential applications in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign thyroid neoplasms. A combined panel of IHC using different antibodies has been suggested for the improvement of diagnostic accuracy of the follicular-patterned neoplasms.

Introduction: Alcohol is a known cardiotoxin, with chronic heavy consumption leading to ACM. This condition can progress from asymptomatic LV dysfunction to symptomatic heart failure. However, the effect of alcohol withdrawal on LV function in patients with congestive heart failure remains unclear. Inconsistent findings in clinical studies may be attributed to methodological variations and patient differences. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the duration of excessive alcohol consumption and LV function using echocardiography. Aim: To assess the impact of the duration of excessive alcohol consumption on LV function through echocardiography. Methodology: This prospective study involved ninety asymptomatic chronic heavy alcohol consumers admitted to Base Hospital Delhi Cantt (BHDC) and thirty non-heavy alcohol consumers. Echocardiography was performed using Philips IE-33 with S5 probe. Data analysis followed internationally validated methods. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Key steps included recruitment, detailed history-taking, physical examination, cardiovascular assessment (ECG, Holter monitoring, 2D ECHO), data comparison, and statistical analysis using SPSS version 20. Results: The study classified ninety male heavy alcohol consumer patients into short (5–9 years), intermediate (10–15 years), and long (>15 years) duration groups, alongside thirty healthy controls. Chronic heavy alcohol consumerS exhibited LV dilation with preserved ejection fraction (EF) and abnormal isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and deceleration time (DT) of E pattern, indicating impaired LV relaxation. Diastolic filling abnormalities were more pronounced in patients with longer drinking histories. LV volume changes preceded changes in LV mass and LV diastolic filling impairment. Conclusion: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to progressive cardiac dysfunction, primarily affecting the left ventricle. LV dilation and impaired diastolic function were evident in asymptomatic heavy alcohol consumers, with diastolic dysfunction preceding systolic dysfunction in chronic alcoholism. LV relaxation parameters may serve as early indicators of alcohol-induced cardiac abnormalities. Monitoring LV function is crucial for detecting early signs of heavy alcohol consumers cardiomyopathy in chronic heavy alcohol consumers.

Introduction: DP flap is a fasciocutaneous flap with axial blood supply, a large size, which is thin and pliable, and is used for the reconstruction of the head and neck area. Its anatomy is reliable and can be elevated from the chest. . It is a work horse flap. . There are various modifications of this flap, like the island one. It is done by deepitialising the bridge and tunneling the flap beneath it, Covering two skin-lined surfaces.  Methods : It is a retrospective case study of 12 patients after taking proper consent for surgery and data for publication performed by our chief surgeon. Patients aged between 35 and 65 yrs. Out of which, 3 were females(25%) while 9 were male(75%). Eight patients were operated for coverage in reconstruction of head & neck cancer along with some other flaps. Three patients were used for coverage of neck vessels to prevent radiation. Single staged DP was used to, cover the stoma of tracheostomy. In three patients, the tubed DP was used to reconstruct the oesophageal conduit post Laryngopharyngeal excision defects.  Single staged DP is used to cover the area above level V lymph node or the neck in the case of recurrence where the skin the neck was not good due to radiation. In four patients, it was used to cover the vascularized fibula flap as the surgery was for recurrence and PMMC was used in previous surgery and patients needed a flap to cover the outer defects.  Conclusion: DP flap still has an edge over other flaps pedicled/ free flaps due to its unique advantage of thinness, pliability, realible blood supply, low cost and donor morbidity. It plays an important role as a reconstructive option due to its versatile nature. It is an important flap for reconstruction in various complications in head and neck carcinoma cases as well. It is basically a two staged flap flap but we have modified it into a single staged surgery

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is the most common cancer of head and neck region and it develops from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Every year, over 650,000 persons worldwide are diagnosed with head and neck cancer, with 350,000 dying as a result of the condition. The prevalence of HNSCC is different in different countries/regions and has been linked to tobacco-derived carcinogens, excessive alcohol intake, or a combination of both. Prior infection with oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16, and to a lesser extent, HPV-18 and other strains, is increasingly being associated to oropharyngeal tumours. Among the oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil had the highest incidence of HPV-16 DNA, implying a higher risk of HPV infection in this region. Common premalignant lesions of the oral cavity are leukoplakia with associated dysplasia, erythroplakia and oral submucous fibrosis. In addition, genetic factors play a role in the development of HNSCC. Individuals with Fanconi anaemia, a rare inherited genetic illness characterised by impaired DNA repair (due to mutations in any of the 22 FANC genes), have increased risk of HNSCC, mainly oral malignancies. Malignant transformation of a normal cell is a multistep process, where accumulation of genetic mutation is reflected by molecular changes, followed by clonal selection and expansion of the mutated cells, which will finally progress to occurrence of an overt carcinoma. The p53 gene product, which is able to block the cell cycle at the G1 phase after encountering genotoxic stress, plays an important role in the Gap1 phase of the cell cycle. It is a tumor suppressor gene which monitors the integrity of the genome. It inhibits the cell cycle progression and promotes DNA repair process by activation of p53 gene through DNA protein kinase during DNA damage. Mechanism of inactivation or loss of wild type of p53 is by the following processes-mutation within the genome, mutant p53 can form an oligomeric complex with wild type of p53 which turns out to be functionless and mutant p53 gains a new oncogenic function that overcomes the negative regulation by small quantities of wild type of p53. Ki67 is a nuclear protein. It is associated with cell proliferation and was demonstrated in 1990, that MIB-1 antigen detects Ki-67 antigen in G1, S, G2 and M phase, but it is absent in G0 phase. This antibody is therefore a useful marker of proliferation in dysplastic lesions and can be of diagnostic and prognostic value. It is also used as a potential prognostic biomarker for a variety of malignancies, including laryngeal neoplasms. The aim of this study is to assess the expression of p53 and Ki67 in the primary invasive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and to study the clinicopathological findings in primary invasive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Approximately 1 in 53 Indian women have cervical cancer. As per GLOBOCAN 2020 Statistics 1,23, 907 new cases diagnosed and 77348 lost their lives in India alone. Aim: Studying the clinical and sociodemographic profile can help to take control measures in Cancer cervix. Hence study was conducted at a tertiary care govt cancer hospital. Methods: Medical records of 274 cervical cancer women from January 2022 to June 2023 were retrospectively analysed. The sociodemographic and clinical details were obtained. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was used to assess relationship between variables.  Results: 35.03% cases were in the age group of 65–74. Hindus were 95.98%. 56.93% were illiterate. 89.78% of were married, 10.21% were widows. Homemakers were 60.58% and 24.08% were farms workers. 83.21% were from rural area. 92% were diagnosed in advanced stage with Stage 2 (45.25%) & 3 (48.54%) disease. 93.79% had squamous cell carcinoma. 87.59% carried normal activities without restriction. 25.52% had comorbidity of which 17.15% were hypertensive. Common symptoms included bleeding per vagina (46.35%), white discharge (20.43%), back pain (12.04%), abdominal pain (9.85%) and post-coital bleeding (8.39%). Stage of disease was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) associated with age, parity & educational status. Conclusion: This study highlights certain important baseline characteristics of cervical cancer. This basic information on profile of cases emphasises need of measures to catch cases at an early age, especially in married, rural and illiterate women for early detection of Cancer cervix in a socio-economically poor area.

Background: Spinal anesthesia is crucial for lower abdominal surgeries, offering reliable anesthesia and pain management. This study compares the efficacy of two intrathecal anesthesia combinations, hyperbaric levobupivacaine with buprenorphine and hyperbaric bupivacaine with buprenorphine, for lower abdominal surgeries. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled study included 160 ASA 1 and 2 patients aged 18-75. They were assigned to Group L (hyperbaric levobupivacaine + buprenorphine) or Group B (hyperbaric bupivacaine + buprenorphine). Parameters evaluated included onset time of sensory block, onset time of motor blockade, time to peak sensory and motor levels, and duration of analgesia. Results: In the study, significant differences were observed in various outcome measures between Group B and Group L. Group L demonstrated significantly higher mean scores for onset motor time (2.55 vs. 3.11, p < 0.001), onset sensory time (3.27 vs. 3.95, p < 0.001), highest sensory time (6.29 vs. 7.32, p < 0.001), and complete motor time (11.57 vs. 16.88, p < 0.001) compared to Group B. However, no significant differences were found in the regression of sensory (p = 0.844), total sensory (p = 0.790), or total motor (p = 0.799) between the two groups. These results suggest that Group L exhibited superior performance in several motor and sensory domains. Conclusion: Group Bupivacaine+buprenorphine exhibited superior anesthesia characteristics in lower abdominal surgeries. However, additional research is required to confirm its effectiveness in diverse clinical scenarios, highlighting the importance of personalized anesthetic choices.

Background and Aim: The precise cause of postpartum haemorrhage (PDPH) is still unknown, although other potential causes include unintentional intradural puncture and CSF leak, dehydration during labour, and abrupt changes in blood volume after delivery. Patients undergoing CS under SA may have a decrease in the frequency, severity, and/or duration of post-disposition haemorrhage (PDPH) if intrathecal (IT) fentanyl is added to the local anesthetic. Material and Methods: For the study, 500 individuals with ASA grade I or II who had elective or emergency caesarean sections between the ages of 18 and 40 were chosen. Using a random number table, the chosen participants were split into two groups at random (n = 250 in each group). Those in Group B received bupivacaine 2ml only, while those in Group A received bupivacaine 2ml + fentanyl 0.5 ml (25 µg). Following surgery, all parturients were monitored in the ward for three days, and on the fourteenth day, they were called to inquire about any headaches or other concerns. When a patient reported having a headache, the following details were noted: the time of start, characteristics, length, intensity, aggravating and relieving factors, and any other symptoms like vertigo, backache, nausea, vomiting, or pruritis. The intensity of the headache was measured using a visual analogue scale score (VAS). Results: Compared to the B group, the A group’s surgical anaesthesia significantly improved (P < 0.01). Group A experienced effective analgesia for a longer period of time than group B (P < 0.001). In groups B and A, PDPH developed in 19.8% and 12.8% of parturients, respectively. The difference was not significant in terms of statistics.  Conclusion: Addition of IT fentanyl to bupivacaine for SA in obstetric patients reduced the severity and duration of headache in the affected mothers, and they were satisfied with their postpartum recovery.

Background and Objective: Central Nervous system tumors constitute 1.6% of all tumors. The objective of this study is analysis of histomorphological profile of central nervous system tumors. Method: Hematoxylin and Eosin stained histopathological slides were examined and categorized according to WHO classification of CNS tumors. Result: Out of 39 cases studied during the study period, most common CNS tumors were Gliomas. 95% of CNS tumors were located intracranially. 5% cases were located in intraspinal region. Glioblastomas (grade IV ) were the most common gliomas and Grade I meningiomas were most common meningiomas. Gliomas were more common in males and meningiomas were more common in females. Conclusion: Tumors of the CNS have diverse clinical and histopathological profile. Although advance imaging modalities are available, histopathology plays important role in diagnosing CNS tumors.

Background: The incidence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) pandemic has posed to be crisis to the diagnostic laboratories around the world for seeking reliable methods to confirm the infection in a short span of time which helps in the treatment plan and also to isolate the patients to prevent the spread. Most of the laboratories presently use Real-Time reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test to diagnose the infection which has many drawbacks including the need for a dedicated work area, skillful and trained staffs and long testing time. In order to reduce the above constrains; we decided to test the efficiency of Abbott ID Now ^TM COVID-19 which is a cartridge based nucleic acid amplification assay that helps in a quicker diagnosis of the infected patients in a shorter span of time. Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each patient and were processed in both Real-Time RT-PCR and ABBOTT ID NOW^TM COVID-19 and the results are compared. Results: Out of the 87 samples tested in both Real-Time PCR and ABBOTT ID NOW, 74 samples were tested negative (85.1%) and 13 samples (14.9%) were tested positive in Real-Time PCR and 69 samples (79.3%) were tested negative and 18 samples (20.7%) were tested positive.82 samples (94%) results were found to be concordant with RT PCR results and 5 samples (6%) were found to have discordant results in both Real Time-PCR and ABBOTT ID NOW. The Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) for ABBOTT ID NOW were found to be 72.2% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: The comparison between ABBOTT ID NOW^TM and Real-Time PCR was found to be satisfactory. Hence, it can be used as a point of care testing in places where the resources are limited and swift results are anticipated. In addition, it offers extraordinarily good results in a low turnaround time for testing and can be considered not only in the healthcare set up but also as a best screening tool for passengers.

Background: Diphtheria, an acute, toxin-mediated,   fatal, highly infectious disease, caused by Corynebacterium Diphtheria, which is a gram positive bacilli, with incubation period of 3-4 days. Various sites of infection include faucial, laryngeal, nasal, otitic, conjunctival, genital, and cutaneous.  Methods:  Case series analysis was done amongst patient hospitalized in ENT department . Nine cases were investigated.  Results: Gender ratio was 2:1 with CFR of 11.11%, majority hailing from tea garden community with partial immunization status. Delay in referral was evident. Immunization coverage was partial.  Conclusion: There is a need to prevent vaccine preventable diseases with complete immunization, better surveillance for early detection and referral and improved quality of care to prevent such occurrence.

Introduction: Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) Is A Psychiatric Disorder Characterized By A Preoccupation With An Imagined Or Slight Defect Which Causes Significant Distress Or Impairment In Functioning. There Have Been No Studies In India Estimating The Prevalence Of BDD, Its Relationship With Self Esteem And Social Anxiety In Medical Students. Aim: This Study Aims To Estimate The Prevalence Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder And Its Correlates With Self-Esteem, Social Anxiety  And In Medical Students Methods: An Internet Based Cross Sectional Survey Was Conducted From June To July Of This Year. A Total Of 113 Individuals Participated In The Study. Individuals Were Asked To Fill A Questionnaire With A Series Of Questions, Which Included Sociodemographic Data, And Questions Regarding The Estimation Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Self-Esteem, Social Anxiety. (1)The Presence Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Was Estimated Using A Questionnaire Based On The DSM-5 Criteria. (2)Self-Esteem Was Calculated Using The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Which Is A 10 Item Self-Report Of Global Self-Esteem. (3)The SIAS Is A Twenty-Item Measure On Which Respondents Rate Their Experiences In Social Situations Associated With Social Anxiety. Results: Only 7 Out Of The 113 Participants Were Found To Qualify For The DSM5 Criteria Of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. There Is A Significant Positive Correlation Between Body Dysmorphic Disorder And Low Values Of Self Esteem And High Scores Of Social Anxiety.  Conclusion: The Study Suggests That Persons With Body Dysmorphic Disorder Have Lower Self Esteem And Higher Levels Of Social Anxiety.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown that followed have had a significant impact on the physical, mental, and social well-being of people of all ages, including medical students. This study investigated the quality of life (QOL) of medical students in Tamilnadu, India, after the pandemic lockdown. Data were collected from 328 medical students using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument, which measures QOL in four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and an independent samples t-test were used to assess the participants’ QOL and explore differences between male and female students. The study found that the overall QoL of medical students in Tamilnadu was good. The mean score for the WHOQOL-BREF was 65.36 (SD = 12.23). The mean scores for the four domains were as follows: Physical health: 67.61 (SD = 13.45),Psychological well-being: 60.74 (SD = 15.58),Social relationships: 61.10 (SD = 18.29) and Environmental factors: 61.08 (SD = 15.97).The study also found that there were no significant differences in QoL between male and female medical students. The findings of this study suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown had a negative impact on the QOL of medical students in Tamilnadu. This is an important finding, as medical students play a vital role in the healthcare system and their well-being is essential for their ability to provide care to others.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder due to either insulin deficiency (relative or absolute) or peripheral tissue resistance to the action of insulin has now become a global pandemic because of sedentary life style, urbanization, changing dietary pattern, increasing incidence of obesity. Women with diabetes in pregnancy (PGDM & GDM) are at increased risk of adverse outcomes with long term complications for baby and mother. for mothers it includes fasting hyperglycemia, preeclampsia, infections, abortion, premature birth, polyhydramnios and unexplained infant death, chronic hypertension. Short term neonatal complications such as hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, macrosomia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), hyperbilirubinemia, birth trauma, congenital anomaly are related mainly to foetal hyperinsulinemia, hypoxia and prematurity. Materials And Methods: The study was commenced after getting Institutional Ethical Committee clearance. An informed consent of the mother was taken, after explaining the details of the study. It was a prospective observational study conducted from NOV 2020 – OCT 2022 in the department of paediatrics M.K.C.G. Medical College and Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha. All neonates born to women known to have diabetes mellitus before conception [infants of pregestational diabetic mother] (IPDM) and those born to women who diagnosed to have diabetes during pregnancy [infants of gestational diabetic mother] (IDM), admitted or came for routine check up to department of paediatrics. Results: During the study period of 2year form Nov 2020 – Oct 2022 total 98 neonates born to diabetic mothers were studied. Out of these 72 babies (73.46%) were born to mothers who developed glucose intolerance during pregnancy (Gestational Diabetes mellitus) while 26 babies (26.54%) were born to mothers who known to diabetes before conception. Mean age of mothers in GDM group was 26.97 with SD 3.7 & in PGDM group was 25.38 with SD 3.76 and almost equal in both groups. Mean duration of pregnancy in GDM mothers was 37.36weeks with SD 1.6 and in PGDM mothers was 37.00 with SD 2.38. Out of 98 neonates 53 (54.1%) were male and 45(45.9%) were female. Respiratory distress was seen in 18(18.3%) neonates followed by yellowish discolouration 10(10.2%), seizure10(10.2%) were the most common presenting signs. 8(8.1%) neonates were presented with jitteriness.  Conclusion: Gestational diabetes was more common than pregestational diabetes. Most babies were delivered vaginally and were appropriate for gestational age and statically significant association was between LGA & GDM and SGA & PGDM. Respiratory distress followed by jaundice and seizure were the most common presenting signs, but most neonates were asymptomatic. Birth trauma, congenital anomalies, respiratory complications, birth asphyxia was common in infants of GDM mothers and congenital anomaly mostly involved cardiovascular system. Hypoglycemia was most common metabolic complication.

Objective: To measure the levels of HDL Cholesterol in blood and correlate its levels with the development of diabetic nephropathy in Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients Material and methods: This is a prospective case control Study in which 50 Clinically diagnosed type 2 Diabetic patients with albuminuria were selected as cases and age and sex matched type 2 Diabetic 50 patients with normoalbuminuria were selected as controls. The study was done in a tertiary care hospital attached to NRIIMS medical college, Visakhapatnam from December 2022 to January 2023. Results:  In the present study there was a significant (P=0.02) association between the study population cases and controls in relation to the age factor, whereas there was an insignificant (P=0.15) association between the cases and controls with regard to gender. There was a marked rise in BMI, FBS, eGFR and TC for the case group than the control group. After performing a Pearson’s correlation analysis HDL-Cholesterol and urine  albumin  creatinine  ratio(UACR) were negatively which indicates that with decreasing value of HDL-Cholesterol, UACR value increases(r value= -0.457) and HDL-Cholesterol and eGFR were positively correlated indicating eGFR value raises with increase in HDL-Cholesterol value. Conclusion: It is therefore proposed that we can use HDL-Cholesterol as an adjunct biochemical parameter to UACR( urine albumin creatinine ratio) measurement in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients to improve predictive precision of diabetic nephropathy risk.

Background: “More and more people are learning that progesterone may prevent premature births by reducing the risk of recurring preterm births. The impetus for this acceptance is growing. The major goal of this study was to find out whether oral micronized progesterone (OMP) may help avoid preterm birth (PTB).  Materials and Methods: One hundred participants were randomly allocated to one of two groups: fifty people took progesterone and fifty people took a placebo for this study. Each day, 200 mg of oral micronized progesterone were administered to the progesterone-treated group. Women who were likely to go into labor too soon were part of this category. Starting around the fourteenth to eighteenth week of pregnancy, this continued until the baby was born or until the 36th week and six days of gestation. The pregnant women in the placebo group also received a tablet that had no active ingredient other than a placebo. Additionally, they could have gone into labor sooner than anticipated.  Results: The progesterone group had a later gestational age at birth and a significantly longer interval between tocolysis and delivery compared to the other group. The relative risk of spontaneous preterm birth was therefore decreased to 0.66 due to this adjustment. The cervical cerclage rate was significantly lower in the progesterone group compared to the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of surgical delivery or postpartum complications between the two groups. No postpartum problems occurred in either group. Using progesterone during pregnancy was linked to a number of unpleasant side effects, including drowsiness and vertigo. Improved mean birth weight, decreased rates of respiratory distress syndrome and infant mortality, shorter hospitalizations in the neonatal intensive care unit, and lower rates of low birth weight were additional benefits. The total infant mortality rate fell as a result of all of these variables.  Conclusion: After careful consideration, it is possible to conclude that the utilization of progesterone supplements might be an appropriate choice for women who have been recognized as being at a high risk for premature delivery.

Background: Population ageing is an inevitable consequence of the demographic transition experienced by all the countries across the world. The proportion of older persons in the population of a country has increased. India has around 104 million elderly persons (8.6%, Census 2011). This study focuses on the assessment of the geriatric health problems. Objectives: 1) To assess functional status among elderly. 2) To assess morbidities among elderly. Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study conducted in population ≥60 years in Nanded.  Total 422 persons were studied.  Presence of morbidity was elicited by self-reporting, supplemented by history, clinical examination and any medical records. Data was collected in Google Forms and analysis done in Epi info software. Results: Majority of the elderly were in the age group of 60-74 years of age (83.65%). Males constituted 59.24% while female constituted 40.76% of the respondents. 54.27% participants were addicted of which most common addiction was of tobacco chewing (57.20%). Most common disorder found was arthritis (68.48%) followed by cataract (54.74%). Conclusions:  Awareness among them should be created for regular medical check-ups to ensure prevention and early detection of the chronic diseases.

Introduction: The digestive duodenum has four parts. Rare but dangerous duodenal perforation is caused by peptic ulcer disease. Serum amylase, serum gastrin, leukocytosis, and C-reactive protein levels are evaluated for diagnosis. There are a variety of surgical and endoscopic treatment techniques available, and choosing one relies on whether or not the perforation is confined. Laparoscopic repair improves patient recovery and appearance. Still, its utility is disputed. Aims and Objectives: This research will evaluate laparoscopic duodenal perforation therapy to reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes. Method: Laparoscopy and exploratory laparotomy were compared for duodenal perforations in acute abdominal pain and peritonitis patients in a randomised clinical study. Participants were 15–70 years old with particular clinical markers. After ethics committee approval, 30 patients were randomly allocated to each group. Secondary outcomes included complications, recuperation time, and long-term follow-up. Primary outcomes measured surgical success. Result: Table 1 shows that the Laparoscopic and open-method groups have similar patient numbers and modest gender distribution differences. Table 2 shows similar smoking rates but a slightly greater acid-peptic disease frequency in the Laparoscopic group. Table 3 reveals intra-operative findings: longer mean time, higher liver damage, and a few laparotomy conversions in the laparoscopic group. Table 4 shows that laparoscopic surgery results in faster recovery, fewer respiratory issues, fewer infections, and less long-term adhesion obstruction than the Open Method. Conclusion: Laparoscopic perforated duodenal ulcer therapy reduces mortality, treatment length, and expenses, according to this study. Lower incisions reduce infection risk, and post-operative adhesions, and improve lung function and patient comfort.

Hypotension is the most common side effect of spinal anaesthesia. Ultrasonography (USG) being the most reliable diagnostic technique for examination of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCCI) in order to estimate the volume status in patients with spontaneous respiration. The aim of present study was to find out ultrasound guided inferior vena cava collapsibility index and fluid optimization to minimize the incidence of spinal induced hypotension in patients undergoing femur fracture surgeries. The study was enrolled as prospective, interventional trial which included 80 patients of American society of Anaesthesiologists grade I and II scheduled for femur fracture surgeries. Eighty patients were divided into 2 groups- case group (IVC group) and control group with 40 patients in each group. In case group IVC ultrasound guided fluid optimization before spinal anaesthesia and in control group, there was no IVC ultrasound assessment. The primary outcome of the study was incidence of spinal induced hypotension (SIH) between the two groups. The secondary outcomes were correlation of collapsibility index with mean arterial blood pressure and pre-spinal fluid, requirement of vasopressor drugs in both groups, changes in haemodynamic parameters after spinal anaesthesia in both groups. The incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia was lower in case group (15%) as compared to control group (42.5%). There was decreased requirement of vasopressors in case group as compared to control group. IVC guided fluid optimization reduces spinal induced hypotension and requirement of vasopressors in patients posted for femur fracture surgeries. Total IV fluid given was more in case group as compared to control group.

Introduction: The existing methods of teaching and assessing ENT needs to be reformed to develop a competent and committed medical practitioner who is skilled, responsive, committed to his patients and can communicate well. Like many other people based professions, communications skills are essential to medical practice also. Till now MBBS education focused on one domain of learning – cognitive (head) and rarely on psychomotor (hand) and rarest on affection and attitude (heart). There was no emphasis on communication skills. So, the concept of holistic health care is missing. We need to effectively impart and analyze attitude and communication skills of undergraduate medical students. Objective: To analyze the effect of training attitude and communication skills in 3^rd year students and to check the satisfaction level of students in communicating with patients before and after training session. Methodology: 75 students of 3^rd professional year who were posted in ENT clinical postings (January- February) were taken for study .The study was a cross sectional analytical study  of 6 months duration.Pretest and post test scores of communication and attitude skills were assessed on gap consensus Kalamazoo scale by the students, faculty and relatives. Sessions of attitude and communication skills were taught by various means like small group, large group, role play, focused discussions and interactive lecture then again students were assessed on same scales by students themselves, faculties and relatives. Mean scores were calculated and compared by ANOVA and significance levels were determined by Using SPSS software (version 26.0). Results: Mean scores of Gap Consensus Kalamazoo assessment scale significantly increased after the training session which was assessed by students themselves and faculties (P≤ 0.05). Statistically insignificant difference was found in mean scores assessed by relatives (P≥ 0.05). Students self assessment showed they find themselves weak on element ‘A’ i.e., they open up the discussion well but still need to work on building a relationship throughout the bedside examination. Conclusion: Introduction of training sessions on attitude and communication skills to 3^rd year professional students coming to clinical postings in department of Otorhinolaryngology significantly created a difference Their Mean scores increased after training sessions, students and faculties felt the need of such sessions to be part of regular clinical curriculum in 3^rd year.

Background: In patients with maxillofacial fractures undergoing general anesthesia, the purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of two techniques: tracheostomy and submental intubation. Thirty patients scheduled for maxillofacial surgery were the subject of this prospective comparative study. Each of these individuals suffered from panfacial trauma, Two groups of patients were selected at random to receive submental intubation and elective tracheostomy, respectively. The length of time needed to complete either elective tracheostomy or submental intubation, the problems and comorbidities associated with the surgical procedures, and the visibility of postoperative scars were all evaluated in this study. Findings: The average time needed for submental intubation was 8.36 minutes, according to the study, which was substantially less than the 30.76 minutes needed for an elective tracheostomy (p < 0.0001). Submental intubation was reported to have no problems. Conversely, two patients in the elective tracheostomy group developed surgical emphysema. As far as scarring goes, the submental scar  was considered acceptable in all patients, , whereas four instances (p = 0.0325) required scar revision for the tracheostomy scar. The study concludes that for patients undergoing surgical reconstruction of certain cases of craniofacial fractures, submental endotracheal intubation is a straightforward, safe, and noticeably faster option than tracheostomy

Background: Real world data comparing patients hospitalized during the different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. Objectives: To study and compare the clinical, laboratory characteristics among the non-survivors of COVID-19 infection in the first and second waves were the objectives. Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study, the data of non-survivors with COVID-19 infection, hospitalized during the wave-1 and wave-2 was analyzed. laboratory parameters including inflammatory biomarkers, computed tomography (CT) thorax scores, treatment, critical care unit admissions, requirement of reparatory support were correlated. Results: Case fatality rate (CFR) was 5.9% (N=190), high during wave-1 (6.3%; wave-2, 5.5%). Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction positivity was greater during the wave-2 (p<0.01). Mortality was high with O+ve blood group (43%). Predominant cause of death was respiratory failure following pneumonia (86.3%). Diabetes Mellitus was the common co-morbidity (51.05%).  Statistically significant difference in mean absolute leucocyte count, serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimers, interleukin -6 (IL-6),  potassium, liver injury, bilirubin were noted between the two waves. Mean C-reactive protein (p=0.06), serum ferritin (p=0.01) was higher in wave-1 and Mean D-Dimer (p=0.033). and IL-6  level(p<0.01)in wave-2. Higher CT scores (p<0.01)in greater number of patients, longer hospital stay (p<0.01)were observed  in wave-2. Conclusion:COVID-19 infection was associated with a high CFR, greater during wave-1. Higher serum ferritin and LDH in wave-1, D-dimer and IL-6 inwave-2 were noted, with lower neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, hypokalemia inwave-2.  Male sex,  age >45 years, O+veblood group, diabetes mellitus, abnormal inflammatory biomarker are the relatable risk factors.

Background: Hypertension, a prevalent global ailment, manifests as a widespread affliction among the human population. It stands as a prominent contributor to mortality and morbidity in the adult demographic across the globe. It continues to be the primary risk factor for peripheral vascular, coronary, and cerebral disease. Aim: The study aims the evaluate serum potassium and sodium levels in hypertensive patients and compare them with normotensive patients who are coming for electrolyte level testes in Clinical Biochemistry under Clinical Pathology at MGMMCH, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. Methods: The study is a hospital-based comparative analysis that includes a total of 380 patients with hypertension including 190 cases and 190 controls. Results: The hypertensive patients (190) and healthy controls (190) were included in the study with age above 20 years. The mean level of sodium cases was higher in comparison to the mean level in controls. Whereas the mean potassium levels are lower in comparison to the mean level in controls. Conclusion: It was analyzed that the high sodium and low potassium levels might be the reason for the hypertension risk. Therefore, the dietary management of sodium and potassium intake will be helpful in lowering the risk of hypertension.

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most common abdominal emergencies worldwide.  Patients presenting with appendicitis may vary in severity. We conducted this study aiming top prospectively examine the role of NLR in assessing the severity of appendicitis, length of hospital stay, and rate of postoperative complications. We have 3 objectives namely to study neutrophil and lymphocyte count in appendicitis cases, to study various correlation and association regarding severity of appendicitis and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) & to study the validity of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the severity, length of hospital stay and 30 day complication rate. The study was conducted in the department of general surgery at SAMC & PGI Indore (M.P.) from January 2018 to June 2019 on 100 patients which were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used for determining optimal cut-off value of NLR for complicated AA. Most of the patients with AA were in the age group of 20-29years with M:F ratio of 1.56:1. Mean NLR of patients treated surgically was raised (8.5±5.6) compared to conservatively treated patient (4.34). This value has sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 89% with Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.941 with 95%confidence interval 0.895 to 0.987 and p value of<0.005.

Interest in the formation and clinical management of gallstone disease dates back to ancient times as archaeological evidence suggests that members of the royal Egyptian family were afflicted with this disorder. Gallstone disease continues to be a major health problem in this country and throughout the world, with estimates indicating that it is on the rise. The development and world-wide application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has once again focussed our attention on gallstone disease. Materials and Methods: This retro prospective study was carried out in the Utkal Hospital in Dept of Surgery, Bhubaneswar and Hi-tech Medical College, in Dept of Pathology, Bhubaneshwar. Observation: Most of the patients belong to the category of chronic cholecystitis (52%). In this group chronic cholestasis with gallstones only was the most common presentation (32%). As expected, the female cases are more in all types of cases especially chronic calculus cholecystitis. Conclusion: Most of the organisms were isolated as single isolate. Poly isolate cases were associated with complicated cases. It is better documented in cases like empyema, which showed positive culture reports having klebsiella, E. coli as well as Bacteroides which is as an anaerobe.

Present study was conducted at Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital Udaipur from February 2019 to July 2020. 150 Cases were taken from obstetrics and gynaecology department attending the OPD and admitted in maternity having IUGR pregnancy. Detailed history and examination, type of IUGR, co-morbidities were documented with the help of Performa. Women were followed up till deliveries and their babies were followed up till discharge from hospital. Various maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes were observed in this observational study. Maximum numbers of patients had pre pregnancy weight more than 60 kg, about 55.33% patients gained more than 7 kg weight in pregnancy and 58.67% patients fall under BMI 25-29.9 group. Incidence of symmetrical IUGR was 2%. Most common maternal risk factor was oligohydramnios(47.62%). Ultra-sonographic parameters at 36 weeks of gestation like AFI, BPD, AC, HC, FL, HC/AC found less as compared to normal fetuses but HC/AC has been proved accurate marker, which can help in diagnosis of IUGR. Maximum patients(84.67%) with IUGR were delivered by caesarean section. In a view of perinatal outcomes, 24% cases had APGAR < 7 and 16.67% preterm deliveries are seen. Only 5 intra uterine deaths were found. About 41% neonates needed NICU admission. 25.33% suffered from hypothermia, 8% required ventilator support and only 4.67% neonatal deaths were noticed.

Background: Hypertension, a prevalent global ailment, manifests as a widespread affliction among the human population. It stands as a prominent contributor to mortality and morbidity in the adult demographic across the globe. It continues to be the primary risk factor for peripheral vascular, coronary, and cerebral disease. Aim: The study aims the evaluate serum potassium and sodium levels in hypertensive patients and compare them with normotensive patients who are coming for electrolyte level testes in Clinical Biochemistry under Clinical Pathology at MGMMCH, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. Methods: The study is a hospital-based comparative analysis that includes a total of 380 patients with hypertension including 190 cases and 190 controls. Results: The hypertensive patients (190) and healthy controls (190) were included in the study with age above 20 years. The mean level of sodium cases was higher in comparison to the mean level in controls. Whereas the mean potassium levels are lower in comparison to the mean level in controls. Conclusion: It was analyzed that the high sodium and low potassium levels might be the reason for the hypertension risk. Therefore, the dietary management of sodium and potassium intake will be helpful in lowering the risk of hypertension.

Introduction: Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns causing renal damage leading to end-stage renal failure. This study was done to compare the data and evaluate the prognostic factors in the patients presenting with the PUV at our centre. Material & Methods: This prospective study was done at Sushrut Jadhav Kinderchirurgie Paediatric Surgery Centre and P.G. Institute, Vishrambag, Sangli, from August 2017 to June 2019 and the sample size was 31. Patients presenting with PUV were observed for the presentation, investigated, and Fulguration and vesicostomy surgical procedure was done. Patients were followed for 2 years. Results: Serum creatinine more than 0.8 mg/dl at presentation was an indicator of poor prognosis. VUR resolution was an indicator of good prognosis and 2/3^rd of our cases showed resolution after 2 years follow up. GFR correlates well with development of CRF. Mean GFR at presentation less than 30 was an indicator of poor prognosis in our study. Conclusion: Patients who had Serum Creatinine >0.8 mg/dl at presentation, with bilateral HUN and bilateral VUR at presentation had an average and poor outcome. Whereas patients who presented with serum creatinine < 0.8mg/dl, with unilateral HUN, with unilateral VUR had good outcome on follow up.

Objectives: This study was conducted to find out the etiological factors and spectrum of gastrointestinal tract perforations in the Kumaun area of Uttarakhand. Methods: A detailed history, clinical examinations and relevant investigations were performed in all the cases of gastrointestinal tract perforations. A total of 50 patients of gastrointestinal tract perforations with the age group of below 80 years were enrolled in this study. The patients were studied under the following clinical parameters: abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, alteration of bowel habits, loss of appetite and weight, h/o chronic analgesic use, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, dyspnoea and duration of illness. Clinical examination was followed by hematological, biochemical and radiological investigations. Results: Data was analysed by using SPSS version 26 software. All data was tabulated and percentages were calculated. Chi square test was applied. p-value was taken less than or equal to 0.05 for significant differences. Conclusions: The present study in the Kumaun area of Uttarakhand concluded that GIT perforations are most commonly seen in the middle aged populations. The most common site for GIT perforations is Duodenum (first part). NSAID abuse and H. pylori infections are the most common etiological factors for GIT perforations followed by typhoid fever. Awareness of the etiological factors, early recognition of symptoms and timely referral of patients to a well-equipped hospital is of paramount importance for the prevention and management of gastrointestinal tract perforations.

Introduction: Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide. Medical students are very susceptible to hypertension at an early age. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and determinants of hypertension among medical students. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done among 599 medical students during March –May 2023 at Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, C.G.  Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Results: Prevalence of hypertension among medical students was 11.69%. Age, presence of family history of hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption were significantly associated with hypertension (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A high prevalence of hypertension was found among medical students. Smoking, Alcohol consumption, BMI and physical inactivity are the modifiable risk factors associated with hypertension which can be addressed to reduce the prevalence of hypertension in this study group.

Introduction: Pus formation is typically caused by a bacterial infection. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections. Resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics for pus infection is an expanding global problem. So, this study was done to determine the prevalence of pus infection and bacterial profile of organism causing pus infection. Material and Methods: All samples were processed by standard microbiological procedures including Aerobic culture, Morphology, Gram Stain, Motility, Biochemical tests and Antimicrobial susceptibility test. Results: Culture positive pus samples were found to be 90.7%. There were 43% Gram positive cocci and 57% Gram negative bacilli isolated. Klebsiella species was found to be most common. Conclusion: Increasing multidrug resistance in pus infections is an important and emerging public health problem. The empirical treatment guidelines must be adjusted accordingly.

Background: Enteric fever (Typhoid fever) is a common systemic infectious disease worldwide, especially in developing countries like India and continues to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. It is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi serotypes A, B and C. The clinical diagnosis of Enteric fever traditionally depends on Blood culture and Widal tests. However limitations such as longer time for Blood culture results and difficulties in the interpretation of Widal tests make them unpractical for screening patients in endemic regions and lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Aims and Objectives: In this study we compare the sensitivity and specificity of Widal test and Typhidot test, in the diagnosis of Typhoid fever. Material and Methods: The comparison for the presence of the Salmonella antibodies done by the Typhidot and Widal tube agglutination test in central lab of gs medical college over a period of jan23 to jun23. Results: Out of 350 blood specimen, 42.8% cases were positive by Typhidot test and 31.42% cases were positive by Widaltest. Conclusion: Typhidot is a rapid and more sensitive test for early diagnosis of typhoid fever. It offers the advantage of early and rapid diagnosis and helps in early institution of therapy. Widal test showed the sensitivity and specificity of 53.3% &73.1% respectively. Typhidot test showed sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 63.3%.

Background: Compulsive Internet use (CIU) is defined as the inability to control excessive Internet use, the loss of all significance of time spent offline, the intense irritability that results from being cut off from the Internet, and the progressive degradation of a person’s job, societal & domestic lives1. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CIU, disordered eating patterns, Self-esteem, and Body dissatisfaction in medical students. Objective: To assess the relationship between Compulsive Internet use, Eating attitudes, Self-esteem, and Body dissatisfaction among medical students & Interns of a Medical college. Materials and Methods: It is a Cross-sectional study conducted at Government Medical College, Anantapur. The study sample size includes 494 medical students and interns at Government Medical College, Anantapur, in Andhra Pradesh. 192(38.8%) were male and 302(61.1%) were female. A Sociodemographic data form including personal information was used to determine Age, Gender, year of study, Substance use, medical illness, Types of devices used, and purpose of using the internet. Young’s Internet addiction test was used to measure CIU, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to determine aberrant eating attitudes, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE) to assess Self-esteem Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) for body dissatisfaction. Data were analysed in SPSS version 25.0. Chi-square test, Correlation and linear regression were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the sample was 21.2 years (SD 1.78), with 61.6% female & 38.8% male participants. Data analysis showed a significant positive correlation between CIU, Disordered eating patterns (<0.0001), Self-esteem (<0.0001) and body dissatisfaction (<0.0001). Concerning Sociodemographic variables, all the variables were significant in terms of age & considerable association was found between Body dissatisfaction & Gender. Conclusions: This study’s findings indicate that CIU is substantially associated with disordered eating patterns, Self-esteem, Body dissatisfaction & Age group.

Introduction: Both extrafascial and subfascial quadratus lumborum blocks are regional anesthesia techniques used to manage postoperative pain, but they differ in their administration and potential effects. The extrafascial block involves injecting the anesthetic solution outside the fascial plane surrounding the quadratus lumborum muscle, potentially providing a wider spread of analgesia. It affects nerves at multiple levels, offering extensive pain relief but may also increase the risk of systemic spread. Aim and Objectives: To assess the post operative pain in Extrafascial quadratus lumborum block versus subfascial quadratus lumborum block in the tertiary care centre. Material and Methods: The research was conducted at GMERS medical college, Himmatnagar, focusing on patients undergoing mesh repair for bilateral inguinal hernia. Approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee was secured for this prospective, randomized, and comparative study involving 80 patients, with 40 individuals allocated to each group. Group 1 received an Extrafascial quadratus lumborum block, comprising 40 patients, while Group 2 underwent a Subfascial Quadratus Lumborum Block, also with 40 patients. Result: At 2 hr time interval the mean VAS score in group 1 was 1.67±0.61, whereas in group 2 it was 0.7±0.64, with p value <0.01, VAS score at 4 hr in grp 1 was 4.1±1.03, whereas in grp 2 it was 2.12±1.24, at 6 hr the mean VAS score in both the group was 3.5±1.3 and 4.05±1.03 respectively, at 8 hr it was 4.8±1.15 and 2.95±1.28 respectively, and at 24 hr, the mean VAS score is 7.22±0.89 in grp 1 whereas 6.77±0.86 in grp 2, on comparing these two groups at all the intervals there is significant difference with p value <0.05. Conclusions: On the basis of present study we can conclude that the duration to perform the block significantly differed between the groups, with group subfascial taking longer than group extrafascial QL block. Across various time intervals post-block, group subfascial consistently exhibited significantly lower VAS scores compared to group extrafascial, indicating potentially better pain control in group subfascial.

Introduction: Chronic low back pain with or without leg pain is a major socioeconomic burden worldwide. It is often associated with poor quality of life. Approximately 40% of patients with chronic low back pain have associated neuropathic element.  Diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic pain has often being challenging as it is poorly understood and often missed by the treating physician. In addition to surgery, various non-invasive modalities of treatment such as short term bed rest, aetio-pathology targeted physiotherapy and lumbar epidural steroid have been advocated. The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid is debatable though evidences suggest transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is more efficacious than inter laminar or caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI). Materials and Methods: 67 patients who underwent either caudal epidural steroid injection or transforaminal epidural steroid injection in a tertiary care centre from 01.01.2019 to 31.12.2020 were included in the present study. The relevant medical data of these patients were retrieved from the hospital medical record department.Two outcome measures namely Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for leg pain and walking distance were analyzed before the procedure and following 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after injection. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Aim and Objectives: To observe the difference in functional outcome between caudal epidural steroid injection and transforaminal epidural steroid injection in lumbar and lumbosacral radiculopathy. Results: 67 patients with male female ratio being 1.09:1.The average of the study population was 45.13 years. There were 10 cases at L3L4, 7 cases at L3L4L4L5, 27 cases at L4L5, 5 cases at L4L5L5S1 and 18 cases at L5S1. There were 30 cases of PIVD, 23 cases of disc bulge with lateral recess stenosis, and 14 cases of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS). TFESI is more effective than CESI group, both in reduction of VAS and increasing walking distance at 3 weeks(p 0.396, p 0.1624) 3 months(p 0.0297, p 0.497) and 6 months(p 0.0095, p 0.0024) post injection. Discussion: Retrospective study, comprising 67 patients, equally matched age and sex. Two outcome measures were analyzed. There was significant decrease in VAS and improvement of walking distance in both CESI group and TFESI group, at 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post injection. There was more significant improvement in TFESI group than CESI group. There was a single major and a few minor complications in this study. Conclusion: Transforaminal epidural steroid injection is more effective and for longer duration than caudal epidural steroid injection in lumbar and lumbosacral radiculopathy.

Background: In medical education, assessment and evaluation are ongoing processes that ought to be planned for in tandem with curriculum creation. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of ongoing weekly evaluations and feedback on first-year MBBS students’ final performance in the physiology exam. Methods: The Physiology department of Sri Krishna Medical College & Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar in India conducted a 2-year study in 2022 and 2023. It involved 100 students who underwent rigorous internal assessments and a final physiological test as part of an intervention .  Category A  received weekly written tests with organized short-answer questions. Students were given one-week notice of the test topics. Faculty and residents graded the tests, and an online randomizer assigned papers to examiners. Each examiner had a model response for reference. After grading, students received feedback and discussed their errors. The university required two semester exams and continuous tutoring .  Category B MBBS students did not have weekly assessments but still had to take two semester exams and attend regular tutorials .  Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: Over 2 years, 100 students participated in the study. Both Category A and Category B first MBBS students had an age range of 18-27 years. In terms of learner satisfaction, Category A scored a high 4.7 on a 5-point Likert scale, while Category B scored 3.8. Students attributed the positive learning environment to frequent internal exams, weekly feedback in small groups, and instructor’s  involvement. They found weekly internal assessments more effective than traditional methods. Academic staff noted that students were attentive and needed less guidance .  In Semester I, Category B scored 57.69%, while Category A scored 64.26%. In Semester II, Category A achieved 75.24%, while Category B scored 64.3%. Overall, Category A outperformed Category B significantly in both semester exams. Conclusions: The current study found that medical students performed noticeably better on internal assessments and the final summative test in the First MBBS Physiology exam when they received regular weekly exams and feedback. To raise the performance level in ongoing evaluations and the undergraduate medical students’ final exams, emphasis should also be placed on the evaluation of attitudes, communication skills, ethics, and interpersonal skills.

Fetus in fetu – a rare congenital malformation that occurs when an abnormally formed or partially-formed fetus is found inside the body of the  twin and is typically discovered during childhood or early adulthood. Although it is a rare malformation , correct  opinion with the support of  imaging modalities is usually  made before heading for  surgery. It should be considered as a  discriminational  opinion for lump  tummy especially in  babies. Complete excision is  restorative. We aimed to report a case of a 24- month-old girl whose plain abdominal radiograph, ultrasonography, Computed tomography scan and MRI revealed a mass in which the contents are favouring towards the diagnosis of  fetus in fetu.

Background: Teenage pregnancy is generally acknowledged as a multifaceted and significant social, economic, and health issue on a global scale. Adolescent pregnancy is associated with a heightened risk of complications. The outcome is less favourable compared to that of a pregnancy in the general population. Aim & Objective: To determine the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy, examine the maternal and foetal outcomes associated with adolescent pregnancy, and compare these outcomes to those of adult mothers aged 20-26 years. Material and Methods: This research is designed as a prospective case-control study. A total of 150 cases of adolescent pregnancy (ages 13-19) were compared with 150 cases of a control group (ages 20-26) in terms of the outcome for the foetus. Following randomization, the sociodemographic data were assessed using a semi-structured proforma. The research was done in a systematic way, ensuring that individuals voluntarily agreed to participate and provided informed consent. Results: The average age of teenage mothers was 18.25 years, whereas the average age of adult mothers was 22.78 years. Our research revealed a greater incidence of preterm birth among adolescent moms (20%) compared to mature mothers (6%). The prevalence of caesarean section deliveries was substantially higher among adolescent moms (28.67%) compared to mature mothers (15.3%). The prevalence of low birth weight was significantly greater among adolescent moms (31.33%) compared to mature mothers (14.67%). Birth asphyxia is a common complication, occurring in 11.3% of cases.

Tibia is characterized by an exposed bone with vulnerable soft tissue and is prone to cause local soft tissue breakdown. Tibial fractures are the most common long bone fractures, while distal tibia fractures are even more complicated due to its proximity to ankle, and the close relationship with thin soft tissue envelope and severe comminution. Additionally, distal tibial fractures are associated with posterior malleolus fractures.[1]The present study aim to compare clinical outcome of Intramedullary Nailing versus Plating in distal tibia fracture in adults. Among 50 patients the 25 patients are treated with intramedullary nailing and plating (MIPO/open) each. In AO type classification distal tibia fractures of type 43 A1, 43 A2, 43 A3 were used in our study for internal fixation. The ankle score in our study in intramedullary nailing was good and the ankle score for plating was good to excellent. This shows that the ankle function was restored well in all the patients. The results are comparable with the results of ankle function in the study conducted by Shon OJ et al [2](Average IOWA ANKLE rating score was excellent).

Introduction: A wide number of studies have demonstrated the fact that primary neurologic abnormalities may produce ECG changes without any myocardial lesion. Objectives of the study were to evaluate pattern of ECG changes resulting from cerebrovascular accidents to correlate pathophysiology of lesion with ECG changes in patients with cerebrovascular accident; and to correlate localization of lesion with ECG changes in cerebrovascular accident. Materials and Methods: This observational correlational study, with 100 CVA patients admitted within 72 hours of onset, was conducted in SBLS Civil Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab, from 2021to 2022. CT scan, ECG and blood investigations were done, and findings recorded. Results: Rhythm Disturbances- seen in 35% patients. Sinus tachycardia (ST) was noted in 15% patients, sinus bradycardia in 11% patients, atrial fibrillation (AF) in 5% patients and supra-ventricular tachycardia (SVT) in 4% patients. Presence of LVH- Left Ventricular Hypertrophy was seen in 25% patients. T wave abnormality- was noted in 45% cases. 38% cases showed inverted T- wave and 7% cases showed tall T-wave. In the maximum number of cases (30%), lesions were localized in basal ganglion, followed by 15% cases with capsuloganglionic location and 12% lesions localized in frontal region. Out of 29 cases with cerebral haemorrhage, 17 cases had abnormal ECG and out of 7 cases with SAH, 6 cases had abnormal ECG. Conclusion: patients with SAH had maximum Percentage of ECG changes and minimum with cerebral haemorrhage. Lesions localized to basal ganglia and capsuloganglionic were associated with most abnormal ECG changes. But further studies with greater sample size are required to clarify the causal connection more precisely between the ECG abnormalities and the intracranial lesion.

Background: Tibia is most frequently fractured long bone. Ilizarov technique involves a ring fixator based on principle of distraction osteogenesis that permits axial micro mobility at the fracture site to encourage bone regrowth. It is ideal for management of open tibial fractures. Objectives: To analyse the functional outcome of definitive management of open tibial fractures with Ilizarov ring fixator and evaluate the complications associated with its use. Methods: The study was conducted at Department of Orthopaedics, NIMS Hospital Jaipur and included 32 patients of open tibial fractures treated with Illizarov ring fixator. The post operative complications, functional outcome and bone healing were assessed. Results: Average age of patients was 41.34 years with a male to female ratio of 2.2 : 1. Commonest fracture grade was Grade IIIA (n=19, 59.3%). The commonest post operative complication was Pin tract infection (n=18, 56.2%). Our study reported 100 % union rate. Average time for union was 28 weeks. Functional outcome was excellent in 16 cases  (50%), Good in 11 cases (34.3%) and fair in 5 cases(15.6%). Bone healing was excellent in 14 cases (43.7%), good in 13 cases (40.6%), fair in 4 cases (12.5%) and poor in one case (3.1%). Conclusion: Even though the complications are encountered, they can be easily managed with the external fixator in place resulting in healing and union of the fracture. Illizarov’s external fixator is valuable management choice for patients with open tibial fractures.

Background: Acute febrile encephalopathy (AFE) in paediatric patients presents a significant healthcare challenge, with diverse etiologies and variable outcomes. Understanding these factors is critical for effective management. This prospective observational study aimed to examine the etiology, clinical attributes, and outcomes of AFE in children from Eastern India. Methods: Over an 18-month period, 105 paediatric patients (aged 1 month to 14 years) with acute onset fever and altered consciousness were enrolled. Demographic data, laboratory findings, clinical symptoms, and outcomes were recorded. SPSS 22 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The majority of AFE cases (63%) occurred in children aged 6 to 14 years, with a slight male predominance (53%). Fever, altered sensorium, and convulsions were prevalent symptoms. Meningoencephalitis was the most common etiology (59%), while approximately half of the cases lacked an identified causative agent. A significant correlation was found between lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores (<7) and higher mortality rates (70%). Shock did not correlate significantly with AFE etiology, but higher haemoglobin levels were associated with better outcomes. Conclusion: This study provides crucial insights into AFE in paediatric patients, emphasizing the need for early recognition, tailored diagnostics, and aggressive management strategies. The challenges in diagnosing AFE, particularly in cases with overlapping symptoms, highlight the complexity of this condition. These findings can guide healthcare practitioners and policymakers in improving outcomes for this vulnerable population. Recommendation: Further research should focus on larger-scale studies, advanced diagnostic methods, public health initiatives targeting vulnerable communities, and the development of clinical guidelines to enhance AFE management and prevention. Collaboration among healthcare institutions and knowledge sharing should be encouraged to refine diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Background: The current standard therapy approach for locally advanced HNSCC involves using initiation chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and docetaxel, followed by definitive concomitant chemoradiation. However, the survival rates with this regimen are still quite low. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and side effect profile of adding nimotuzumab to the traditional TPF induction chemotherapy. Methods: Forty individuals were enrolled for the study with advanced locally metastatic HNSCC. Patients who had previously undergone induction therapy with TPF plus N (nimotuzumab in addition to docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil) then received definitive concomitant chemoradiation with carboplatin. After completing the induction chemotherapy and concomitant chemoradiation, we utilized PET-CT scans to assess the treatment responses. Results: We discovered that, with a minimum two-year follow-up period, the progression-free survival (PFS) was 15 mo. and the median survival time (OS) was 37 mo., both of which were significantly improved. Individuals who attained a complete radiological response (CR) did not meet the OS and PFS medians. The median PFS and OS for individuals with a partial response were 16.6 and 33.5 mo., respectively. Notably, the subsites of the oropharynx, oral cavity, and hypopharynx showed comparable response and survival rates. The majority of adverse effects were grade 1/2 or lower, and the majority of patients showed good tolerance to the medication. Conclusions: Nimotuzumab coupled to the usual TPF regimen may improve response and survival rates among individuals with advanced locally diagnosed head and neck cancer. Any response at all could be a reliable indicator of survival, regardless of the head and neck cancer’s primary site.

Objective: The only information available on the long-term outcomes of preterm infants is frequently a cross-sectional assessment of neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at the corrected age of 23–35 months. However, individual trajectories in result over time may differ and impairments may not become obvious until infancy or disappear over time. This study’s main objective was to describe NDI in very preterm newborns at the ages of 1, 4, and 7 years old. The individual longitudinal trajectories in NDI from 1 to 7 years of age were subjected to a longitudinal analysis as a secondary goal. Method: This was a single-center prospective cohort research that tracked children through 2023 who were born between 2020 and 2021 at less than 31 weeks’ gestation. NDI evaluations at ages 1, 2, and 7 served as the outcome measurement. In regard to the cognitive, neurological, visual, and auditory components of the NDI composite score, issues were classified as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Standardized psychometric tests were used to evaluate cognitive function, which was expressed as a total DQ/IQ score. The neonatologist evaluated the neonate’s neurological, visual, and auditory abilities. Results: 240 kids in total were eligible for follow-up and 170 (78% of them) were evaluated. 53, 53, and 61% of the children at 1, 4, and 7 years old had no NDI; 30, 35, and 31% showed mild NDI; and 14, 9.1, and 8.5% of the children at 1, 4, and 7 years old showed moderate-to-severe NDI. 62% of the kids stayed in the same NDI category from 1 to 7 years old, 21% got better and moved into a better NDI category, and 16% became worse and moved into a worse NDI group. There were no differences between infants whose baseline traits improved or worsened. There were no differences between infants whose baseline traits improved or worsened. At all-time points, extreme prematurity, male gender, and low parental education were linked to worse NDI status. Despite the fact that there was significant individual heterogeneity in NDI status across time, gestation, gender, and parental education did not affect the trajectory of NDI. Conclusion: In order to offer the best and most individualized recommendations and care when necessary, continued follow-up until the start of the school year is crucial.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to describe the clinical-etiological profile of Status Epilepticus (SE) in children under the age of 11 and to investigate the risk factors, etiologies, outcomes at the end of hospitalization, and predictors of favorable/unfavourable outcomes in SE. Method: This was a  hospital base prospective study of 100 children under the age of 11 who were admitted consecutively with SE to a pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care referral hospital in Patna Medical College & Hospital, Patna for a year, from April 2021 to April 2022, were enrolled in the study. The principal investigator gathered and entered the data regarding the parameters in a standardized proforma after a thorough review and necessary inquiries. The final result was documented after the patient’s hospital stay. The acquired data were evaluated to find important variables that might predict the result and the risk factors for RSE. Results: After infancy, the age range of 2 to 5 years was reported to have the highest prevalence of SE. 48.7% of cases involved girls, while 51.3% involved boys. Meningoencephalitis and febrile status were the two most frequent causes of status. Anemia was found to be a risk factor (odds ratio=8.67) and to be substantially linked with RSE (p value=0.002). 8 (8%) of the kids died. Moreover, a worse result was seen more frequently in children who remained pain sensitive or unresponsive 5 hours following seizure control (p-value <0.02). The advancement of RSE and worse results were substantially linked to delaying the administration of the first anti-epileptic drug (AED). Conclusion: Anemia and a delay in starting the first AED were discovered to be strongly linked with RSE. Also, there was a strong correlation between poor outcomes and kids who were still in pain or unresponsive 6 hours following seizure control.

Background: It is commonly known that while alkalis harm the oesophagus, acid harms the stomach. Sulphuric acid is a typical corrosive. The antral epithelium is damaged by this corrosive, which is typically consumed unintentionally. The aim of this research was to study the gastric outlet obstruction induced by corrosion. Methods:  This study examines stomach outlet obstruction caused by caustic intake retrospectively. Between January 2021 and June 2022, the paediatric surgery department admitted 20 patients. H/O of corrosive intake, kind, time, type of injury, treatment, and time of development were taken. Endoscopy and an upper GIT barium meal X-ray were performed to diagnose a gastric outlet obstruction. Anaemia, starvation, and preoperative fluid and electrolyte abnormalities were all treated. Before the operation, the gut was also prepared. All patients received endotracheal general anaesthesia during their procedures. The recovery time went without incident. Beginning on the fourth or fifth POD, feedings progressed from liquid to semisolid to normal. Complications following surgery were noted. The seventh POD saw the release of patients After 10 to 21 days after receiving conservative treatment, individuals experienced gastric outlet obstruction. In order to relieve obstruction, surgery was done. Five to two months of follow-up were given to every patient. Patients’ general health conditions, serum albumin levels, haemoglobin percentages, and upper GIT endoscopies were assessed throughout follow-up. Results: 20 patients in all, 12 men and 8 women, mean age of about 5 years, range of 2 to 9 years, and accidental intake of corrosive. The gastric outlet obstruction developed over a 14-day period, with a range of 10 to 21 days. At first, odynophagia and dysphasia were complications. But after 11 to 21 days, the latter acquire a stomach outlet obstruction. An average operation lasts 1.4 hours. A posterior gastro-jejunostomy was performed. There were no notable postoperative problems. All patients were doing well when checked again. Overall health, appetite, and weight growth improved. There was no operation redone. Conclusions: By exercising caution in our families, as well as in every element of our community, such as in the fight against terrorism, we can lessen conditions that can be avoided. Surgery performed early has great results. Having a gastrojejunostomy is a relatively safe procedure with little morbidity and a great long-term result.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions like schools and colleges, including medical colleges, closed their campuses for live classes. Students were sent home during the extended lockdown, causing a break in live theory classes and clinical postings in medical wards, resulting in the loss of essential learning opportunities. Institutes around the world have adopted the policy of online teaching for students. With this sudden shift, many institutions and teachers found themselves inadequate in dealing with the change. There were a number of factors that hampered the experience of both students and teachers. In the present study, we conducted a study on medical students in an Indian context. Aim: The aim of the study was to study how students feel about online teaching through the pandemic and assess their self-reported views on how well-equipped they have educational systems to deal with this situation. The insights from this study were foremost helpful in identifying where online medical teaching has lacked (or surpassed) offline teaching and second, in identifying factors that can be corrected to improve the impact on student learning. Objective of the Study: To determine students’ views on the factors affecting the performance, knowledge, and attitude of medical students due to online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that the pandemic is still continuing, this assessment can help inform future institutional decisions to be made in other waves. Material and Methods: An online survey was done using questionnaires at MGM Medical College Jamshedpur by using a questionnaire on Google Forms. Students from all semesters participated in this study. Result: Only 18.3% of students preferred online classes 23.2% were satisfied with both modes of learning and 58.5% were not satisfied with online classes; they preferred offline classes.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between serum ferritin (S. Ferritin) and C-reactive protein (CRP) ranges with the control of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) amongst individuals in Jharkhand. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed regarding 150 participants diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Blood samples have been collected to measure S. Ferritin and CRP levels. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was used as a marker to assess the regulation of diabetes. Correlation analysis was achieved using appropriate statistical techniques using S. Ferritin, CRP, and HbA1c ranges. Results: The study revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between S. Ferritin and CRP levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a positive association was observed between elevated S. Ferritin and higher HbA1c levels (p < 0.05). Similarly, increased CRP levels have been associated with poor glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Our findings suggested a potential association between elevated S. Ferritin and CRP levels with poorer regulation of diabetes mellitus among individuals in Jharkhand. Monitoring these biomarkers could help assess and manage glycemic control in diabetic patients, potentially contributing to improved health results.

Introduction : Acute myocardial infarction in young adults is on the rise and is a leading cause of premature death worldwide now as compared to the last decade. Many risk factors are preventable, therefore their identification and taking necessary precautions can save many young adults. Aim: To study clinical profile, risk factor and outcome of acute myocardial infarction   in  patient aged 45 yrs or younger than 45yrs. Materials and methods: It was a cohort study conducted at GMERS Medical College and Hospital Vadnagar during November 2017 to March 2019.Total 56 patients with acute myocardial infarction aged 45 yrs or less than 45years were enrolled. A predefined Performa was used to collect patients history which includes name, unique id, sex, sociodermographic profiles, risk factors, clinical presentation, ECG findings, cardiac enzymes(CK-MB and Troponin I),serum lipid profile and chest X-ray and 2DECHOfindings and treatment outcomes. Results: In this study out of 56 patients 40(71.43%) were male and 16(28.57%) were female. 44.64% patients were overweight and chest pain(71.4%) was the most common symptom followed by sortness of breath(46.4%). Smoking/tobacco(73.21%) was the commonest risk factor followed by dyslipdemia(66.07%) and family history(53.57%). In ECG most common was anterior wall  MI(51%)  followed by inferior wall MI (29%). 92% had ST segment elevation and 8% had non ST  segment elevation MI and Mortality was 3.5%. Conclusion: Acute myocardial infarction in young adults is on rising trend now, so we need to strengthen preventive measures and increase awareness regarding cardiovascular risk factors. We also need to strengthen our research to identify new risk factors associated with acute myocardial infarction.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome which results from structural and functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The prevalence of HF is about 1-2% in general population and 10% above the age of 80 years. HF has a high morbidity and reduced life expectancy, with 5 and 10 year survival rates. Heart failure may be associated with multiple concomitant diseases which may adversely affect outcomes. Aims and Objectives: To study prevalence and prognostic impact of comorbidities in heart failure and also study impact of comorbidities on functional status and quality of life of patient along with association between comorbidities and outcome. Materials and Methods: This study was prospective observational study conducted at RAMA Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre from feb 2014 to dec 2015. All patients > 18 years of age fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study. A detailed history taking and a general physical examination was carried out in all cases. Demographic data like age, gender, place of residence, race, ethnicity, clinical history and laboratory test were recorded. All quantitative variables were estimated using measures of central location and measures of dispersion. Chi-square test was used to find out any statistical association between categorical variables. Independent T-test and Mann Whitney U test was used to compare various quantitative variables between two groups. Result: Among 113 patient 70(61.9%) patients were male, 43(38.1%) patients were female with M: F ratio of 1.6:1. The mean age of patients enrolled in study was 60.3±12.5 years. In Total population mean age of male was 59±11.9 years and of female was 61±13.2 years respectively (p=0.3). The mean age of HFpEF group was significantly higher than HFrEF group (P value = 0.03). Between study group 54(47.8%) patients had preserved EF, 7(6.2%) mild LVSD 7(6.2%), moderate LVSD and 45(39.8%) severe LVSD. Mean EF of male was 38.4±14.4 and female was 45.9±13.5 in total population which was significant different (p value = 0.01). Mean EF of HFrEF and HFpEF was 29.6± 9.1, 54.4±5.1 respectively. Conclusion: HFpEF was more common in older population with no sex preponderance. Whereas HFrEF was more common in males. HFrEF have greater burden of comorbidities as compared to HFrEF. Females bears greater burden of comorbidities as compared to males.

Background: Vitamin D deficit is known as a changeable risk factor in many common cancers, but its impact on Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not well-studied. Methods: This study assessed pre-treatment vit. D levels in HL individuals who received prospective treatment. It included 35 individuals from the North Bihar Population. Results: Vitamin D levels < 30 nmol/L were observed in 49% of patients before therapy. Vitamin D deficiency increased relapse/refractory rates. Relapsed/refractory patients exhibited lower median baseline Vitamin D levels (21.4 nmol/L) than non-relapsed (35.5). The non-relapsed group had 41% Vitamin D insufficiency, while relapsed/refractory patients had 68%. The 10-year progression-free survival of vitamin D-deficient patients was 17.6% poorer with a hazard ratio of 2.13. Their 10-year survival rate was 11.1% lower and their hazard ratio was 1.82. These results were consistent across studies and treatments. Vitamin D status independently predicted prognosis, suggesting it may impact HL chemotherapeutic sensitivity. Conclusion: It is advised that future randomized clinical trials include vitamin D assessment and replacement in order to ascertain the function of vitamin D replacement treatment in HL, based on these medical and preclinical findings.

Background: Over time, the use of therapeutic radiation for the treatment of children cancer has decreased, corresponding with an increase in the use of chemotherapy. Few studies have been done on the possibility of developing malignant neoplasms (SMNs) after treatment. Methods: In 2004 to 2020, survivors diagnosed before age 21 were followed up on SMNs diagnosed more than five years after diagnosis (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers). The following treatments were used to determine the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and cumulative incidence of SMN: radiation only (n = 20), chemotherapy + radiation (n = 104), chemotherapy alone (n = 74), or neither (n = 21). Chemotherapy-associated SMN risk, including dose-response correlations, was evaluated using multivariable models. Results: Of the 221 survivors in the cohort, 74 underwent chemotherapy alone, 104 underwent radiation therapy in addition to chemotherapy, 20 underwent radiation therapy alone, and 21 underwent neither. After 166 person-years, 3 secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) were discovered in 20 survivors who had only had chemotherapy, with 27% of these cases occurring in survivors of osteosarcoma. The 15-year cumulative incidence of SMN was 3.9%, with survivors of osteosarcoma and Hodgkin lymphoma having the highest incidence. For chemotherapy alone, chemotherapy plus radiation, radiation without chemotherapy, and neither chemotherapy nor radiation, the cumulative loads were 4.3, 9.7, 12.1 and 3.6 per 100 individuals, respectively. Conclusion: SMN is more common in pediatric cancer survivors who only had chemotherapy, particularly in those who got higher cumulative doses of alkylating agents and platinum. It was discovered that the dosage responses for alkylating agents and SMN rates, as well as anthracyclines and breast cancer rates, were linear. By minimizing cumulative doses and considering other chemotherapies, the risk of SMN may be reduced.

Background: Limited conclusive evidence exists to support routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients. Biases and data limitations affect outcomes like mortality and morbidity. Some studies suggest laparoscopic benefits, but most have methodological flaws. Open surgery remains common for acute biliary disorders in the elderly. Emerging research hints at laparoscopy advantages. Evidence-based approaches must consider age, comorbidities, and gallbladder disease complexity. Objective: Assess evidence on routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients, focusing on mortality and morbidity. Identify biases, explore laparoscopy benefits, and emphasize age, comorbidity, and disease complexity in evidence-based strategies. Summary: Evidence indicates potential laparoscopic benefits in elderly patients, but methodological issues limit certainty. Inclusion criteria variability and disease severity biases create outcome heterogeneity. Open surgery prevails for acute biliary issues in elderly patients. Emerging research suggests reduced inflammation with laparoscopy, especially in elderly patients with comorbidities. Future Implications: Future research should prioritize evidence-based protocols considering age, comorbidities, and disease complexity. More investigation is essential for laparoscopic cholecystectomy safety and efficacy in elderly populations. Standardizing criteria and improving study methodology will enhance evidence quality. Clinical Policy and Development: Routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients lacks strong support. Clinical policies should consider age, comorbidities, and disease complexity for individualized treatment. As research advances, guidelines must adapt, prioritizing patient-centered care for elderly gallbladder disease patients.

Background: Plastic surgery has gained popularity in recent years, offering individuals a means to enhance their appearance and self-confidence. Office-based plastic surgery has emerged as a convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional hospital settings. However, understanding the factors influencing surgical complications in this context is crucial. This study examines anesthesia duration as a potential marker for assessing the risk of complications in office-based plastic surgery. Methods: A retrospective cohort study involving 150 consecutive patients undergoing office-based cosmetic surgery was conducted. Patients were primarily healthy females, with an average age of 41 and an average BMI of 23 kg/m². Surgical procedures typically lasted less than 4 hours, with breast augmentation common in shorter surgeries and rhytidectomy in longer ones. Anesthesia duration was analyzed in relation to postoperative complications, including postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), urinary retention, pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.19. Results: Patients in the longer anesthesia group (>4 hours) experienced a higher incidence of PONV and urinary retention, with statistically significant differences. Major complications, including PE and DVT, were rare and not significantly associated with anesthesia duration. In the 150-patient cohort, no deaths were reported, and the majority of complications were manageable. Conclusion: While prolonged anesthesia durations may increase the risk of minor complications, major complications were infrequent, and anesthesia duration did not appear to be a primary factor influencing their occurrence. Patient selection, monitoring, and careful management are crucial in office-based cosmetic surgery. Recommendations: A meticulous and thorough patient evaluation process should be implemented, focusing on identifying individuals who are optimal candidates for office-based procedures. Stringent monitoring protocols should be in place, particularly for surgeries with extended anesthesia durations, to promptly address and manage any emerging complications.

Background: Facial surgeries are typically classified as clean procedures, with a generally low risk of postoperative infections. However, these infections, while rare, can cause significant complications, extend hospital stays, and increase healthcare costs. The study aimed to analyze the incidence, risk factors, and preventive strategies for postoperative infections following clean facial surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 135 patients who underwent various clean facial surgeries at Patna Medical College and Hospital between 2019-2022. The study focused on patient demographics, surgery type, duration, presence of comorbidities, and adherence to preoperative and postoperative care protocols. Results: Out of 135 patients, 6 (4.4%) developed postoperative infections, primarily superficial incisional infections. Longer surgery duration (over 3 hours) and the presence of comorbidities were significantly associated with higher infection rates. There was no significant correlation between infection rates and age, gender, type of surgery, or adherence to preventive strategies like preoperative skin antisepsis. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering specific factors such as surgery duration and patient comorbidities in managing the risk of postoperative infections in clean facial surgery. Recommendations: Surgeons should consider individual patient risks and emphasize careful postoperative monitoring. Implementing tailored strategies for patients with longer surgery durations or comorbidities may further reduce infection risks.

Background: Rhinoplasty is a popular surgical procedure aimed at enhancing nasal aesthetics and functionality. Evaluating patient and surgeon satisfaction with rhinoplasty outcomes is crucial for assessing the procedure’s success. Factors influencing satisfaction and potential disparities between patients and surgeons need investigation to improve surgical techniques and patient experiences. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna. Participants met inclusion criteria (age 18-35, no prior rhinoplasty, no major health or psychological issues). Standardized questionnaires collected data on demographics and satisfaction. Data analysis used SPSS 18.0, with significance set at 0.05. Results: Gender impacted patient satisfaction with nostril outcomes one month after rhinoplasty (female: 29%, male: 17%). Younger patients (<25 years) expressed higher satisfaction with nasal width (56%) and general satisfaction (50%) than older patients (32%) three months post-surgery. Single patients showed greater satisfaction (80%) with middle-lower nose display than married patients (60%) three months after surgery. Patients without a high school diploma reported higher satisfaction one month post-rhinoplasty, especially regarding nasal hump, middle-lower nose display, nose proportions, and general satisfaction. Surgeon satisfaction increased after three months, while patients reported elevated satisfaction, particularly regarding aesthetic factors, but lower general satisfaction compared to surgeons. Conclusion: Rhinoplasty outcomes vary by gender, age, marital status, and educational level. Tailored care strategies are needed to enhance patient experiences and satisfaction. Recommendations: Surgeons should consider demographic factors when discussing rhinoplasty outcomes with patients. Preoperative counseling and managing expectations can improve patient satisfaction. Further research can explore additional variables influencing rhinoplasty satisfaction.

The epidural technique became popular as it had some specific advantages over spinal anaesthesia. The feasibility of extended duration and differential blockade extended its application into other fields like post operative analgesia, chronic pain relief and obstetric pain relief. But some inherent negative points of epidural technique like delayed onset and patchy analgesia persist. Various attempts have been made to rectify these negative points.

Background: Leg defects with exposed bones, often resulting from trauma, present complex challenges in reconstructive surgery. The Hemisoleus muscle flap has emerged as a potential solution, offering versatility and effectiveness. This study aims to evaluate its utility in middle third leg defects. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 50 patients with middle third leg defects was conducted. Patient demographics, injury characteristics, comorbidities, surgical procedures, and postoperative outcomes were assessed. Follow-up evaluations were performed at regular intervals. Results: The Hemisoleus muscle flap demonstrated effectiveness across diverse patient demographics, with 74% men and 26% women. The average age was 38 years. Trauma, primarily motorcycle accidents, caused all injuries, resulting in bone exposure. Osteomyelitis was present in 16% of cases. Comorbidities included hypertension (20%), diabetes (20%), and smoking (30%). The hospitalization period averaged 6 days, and patients underwent outpatient follow-ups. Notably, only one infection case occurred, with no flap necrosis, suture dehiscence, or systemic complications. No additional surgeries were required, categorizing patients as Grade 1 according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification. Conclusion: The Hemisoleus muscle flap proves safe and effective for middle third leg defects, even in diverse patient populations and with comorbidities. Its low complication rate underscores its reliability. This study reaffirms the value of muscle flaps in reconstructive surgery, emphasizing their continued importance in contemporary practice. Recommendation: Based on our findings, we recommend considering the Hemisoleus muscle flap as a viable option for middle third leg defects with exposed bones, particularly in traumatic cases. Further research and collaborative efforts can help refine the technique and establish standardized guidelines for its application.

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) poses a significant global healthcare challenge, particularly in the context of hemodialysis, where arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are the preferred vascular access. The radiocephalic fistula, created by anastomosing the radial artery to the cephalic vein, is often considered the gold standard due to its long-term patency and reduced morbidity. This study investigates the impact of intraoperative cephalic vein dilation on short-term outcomes of radiocephalic AVFs in ESRD patients. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical records from 200 patients who underwent radiocephalic AV fistula surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received intraoperative cephalic vein dilation (Dilation group, n=100) and those who did not (Non-Dilation group, n=100). Data on demographics, surgical details, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analyzed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Results: The Dilation group showed significantly higher fistula maturation rates (85% vs. 70%), better primary patency at 6 months (75% vs. 60%), and lower complication rates (20% vs. 35%) compared to the Non-Dilation group. These benefits were consistent across subgroups with different comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion: Intraoperative cephalic vein dilation during radiocephalic AV fistula surgery in ESRD patients was associated with improved short-term outcomes. This technique may offer a significant advantage in enhancing the success rate of fistula maturation and patency while reducing postoperative complications. Recommendations: Based on these findings, intraoperative cephalic vein dilation should be considered a standard practice in AV fistula surgeries for ESRD patients. Further research is recommended to explore long-term outcomes and to validate these findings in larger, multicentric studies.

Background: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a prevalent and significant complication in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, affecting 20-30% of all dialysis treatments. The pathophysiology of IDH involves rapid fluid removal, impaired cardiovascular response, and dialysis process factors. Despite advances in dialysis technology such as sodium and ultrafiltration modeling, and low-temperature dialysate baths, a consensus on the most effective strategy to prevent IDH is still lacking. Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted which included 60 participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Participants were randomized into either the sodium and ultrafiltration modeling group or the low-temperature dialysate bath group. The study focused on monitoring medical history, baseline IDH frequency, blood pressure, heart rate, and IDH incidence. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: The study population consisted of 60 participants with an average age of 52.3 years, predominantly male (60%), and with diabetic nephropathy as the most common cause of CKD (61.66%). The prevalence of IDH was 19.375%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of IDH episodes between the two treatment groups. Both interventions – sodium and ultrafiltration modeling and cooler temperature dialysate – were effective in preventing IDH, with comparable blood flow rates and mean duration of dialysis. Conclusion: The study concludes that both sodium and ultrafiltration modeling and cooler temperature dialysate are viable and effective options for preventing IDH in patients prone to hypotension during hemodialysis. This underscores the need for personalized hemodialysis treatment strategies, particularly for patients with diabetes mellitus and longer dialysis durations. Recommendations: Hemodialysis patients should use salt and ultrafiltration models and low-temperature dialysate baths to prevent IDH, according to the findings. Patient considerations include comorbidities, especially diabetic nephropathy, and dialysis length should determine the method. More research is needed on personalised IDH prevention and its long-term effects.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to contrast the efficacy of active fluid management using body composition monitor with conventional fluid management using clinical parameters. Methods: The study conducted at the Nephrology department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, for over one year, focused on patients who were undergoing maintenance in center hemodialysis. It employed a comparative approach, randomly dividing 50 patients into two groups: Control group and Intervention group. The study compared parameters such as fluid overload (TAFO), pre-dialysis weight, laboratory values (serum creatinine, serum albumin, NT-proBNP), and changes in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) between the control and intervention groups, along with assessing alterations in lean body mass (LBM) and adipose tissue mass (ATM). Results: In this study, bioimpedance-guided fluid management demonstrated notable outcomes. The intervention group exhibited a reduction in hypotensive episodes (5.66 per week), a decrease in anti-hypertensive drug usage (from 18 to 9), and a more balanced distribution between overhydrated and normohydrated individuals (13 vs. 12). Stable hemoglobin levels were observed in both groups, while the intervention group displayed fluctuations in albumin (3.6±0.3 gm/dl to 3.5±0.3 gm/dl). Notably, NT Pro BNP levels and TAFO significantly decreased, emphasizing the positive impact of fluid management on clinical parameters. Conclusion: This study reveals that bioimpedance-guided fluid management demonstrated improved hemodynamic stability, reduced hypotensive episodes, and optimized antihypertensive drug usage. These findings underscore the potential of active fluid management in enhancing clinical outcomes for hemodialysis patients.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to contrast the efficacy of active fluid management using body composition monitor with conventional fluid management using clinical parameters. Methods: The study conducted at the Nephrology department of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, for over one year, focused on patients who were undergoing maintenance in center hemodialysis. It employed a comparative approach, randomly dividing 50 patients into two groups: Control group and Intervention group. The study compared parameters such as fluid overload (TAFO), pre-dialysis weight, laboratory values (serum creatinine, serum albumin, NT-proBNP), and changes in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) between the control and intervention groups, along with assessing alterations in lean body mass (LBM) and adipose tissue mass (ATM). Results: In this study, bioimpedance-guided fluid management demonstrated notable outcomes. The intervention group exhibited a reduction in hypotensive episodes (5.66 per week), a decrease in anti-hypertensive drug usage (from 18 to 9), and a more balanced distribution between overhydrated and normohydrated individuals (13 vs. 12). Stable hemoglobin levels were observed in both groups, while the intervention group displayed fluctuations in albumin (3.6±0.3 gm/dl to 3.5±0.3 gm/dl). Notably, NT Pro BNP levels and TAFO significantly decreased, emphasizing the positive impact of fluid management on clinical parameters. Conclusion: This study reveals that bioimpedance-guided fluid management demonstrated improved hemodynamic stability, reduced hypotensive episodes, and optimized antihypertensive drug usage. These findings underscore the potential of active fluid management in enhancing clinical outcomes for hemodialysis patients.

Objectives: The study aims diagnose LUTS in women and investigate the urodynamic patterns from pressure-flow studies, to correlate them with clinical presentations and postvoid residual urine volume for enhanced diagnostic and management approaches. Methods: The study, conducted at PARAS HMRI Hospital, Patna, for over one year, focused on women patients who were presenting symptoms of LUTS. Around 60 patients were categorized based on the symptoms experienced into 3 groups. The study compared parameters like bladder outlet obstruction, maximal flow, residual volume, and voided volume in each group. The research also analyzed urodynamic patterns obtained from pressure-flow studies to correlate them with clinical presentations and postvoid residual urine volume. Results: The study focused on females with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), revealing a mean age of 44.97 ± 12.47 years, with a significant representation from the post-menopausal age group. Among the LUTS cases, 53.3% exhibited clinical obstruction, 35% presented with irritative LUTS, and 11.7% reported LUTS with suprapubic pain. Urodynamic study identified obstructive LUTS in 26.7% of cases based on criteria of Qmax <15 ml/s and pdet-Qmax > 20 cm H₂O, emphasizing the diverse clinical presentations of obstructive LUTS in females. Conclusion: This study highlights the complexities in diagnosing and managing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in females, and provides insights for improved diagnostic assessments and therapeutic interventions.

Background: Urethral abnormalities and conditions in female patients pose complex challenges in urological care. Dorsal buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty has emerged as a transformative solution, particularly in specialized tertiary care centers. This study aims to evaluate its effectiveness and long-term outcomes in addressing urethral strictures. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained data was conducted. Female patients undergoing buccal graft urethroplasty for urethral strictures after January 2020 were included. Inclusion criteria encompassed moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and a willingness to undergo surgical intervention. Data collection involved clinical assessments, urine routine and culture, uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine volume (PVR) estimation, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), and urethrocystoscopy. Results: Initial presentation indicated mean AUA scores of 27.2, Qmax of 3.8 ml/s, and PVR of 133 ml. Successful voiding was achieved post-catheter removal, with marked improvements in AUA score, uroflowmetry, and PVR. Nine patients underwent extended follow-up, exhibiting consistent enhancements in AUA score, Qmax, and PVR at various time points. Two patients reported irritative voiding symptoms that spontaneously resolved. No complications occurred at the donor site, and incontinence did not develop. Conclusion: Dorsal buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty demonstrates promise as an effective solution for female urethral strictures, particularly in tertiary care centers. The procedure yields significant improvements in urological parameters and presents a low-risk profile. While further research is needed, these findings underscore the transformative potential of this approach in enhancing patient well-being. Recommendations: Larger-scale, longer-term studies are warranted to validate these outcomes fully. Enhanced awareness and referral systems for female urethral strictures should be developed, ensuring broader access to reconstructive urological care.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects about 10% of the world’s population and is developing quickly. Chronic hyperglycemia in DM affects endothelial function and arteries. Controlling blood sugar affects microvascular (nephropathy, retinopathy) and macrovascular (heart disease). MPV might be a biomarker for DM-related vascular issues. Cardiovascular events, excluding DM, had elevated MPV. Aims and Objectives: This study evaluates the correlation between “Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)” and the state of “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)”. Method: A cross-sectional research was undertaken at American international institute of medical sciences, Bedwas Udaipur From September 2022 to August 2023. Non-purposive sampling determined the sample size. Diabetes Mellitus patients and matched controls without diabetes or vascular problems were the main groups. Anticoagulant and vascular concomitant users were omitted. Diabetes patients had extra tests (Fasting Blood Sugar, HbA1C, Complete Blood Count with MPV). Result: Table 1 shows MPV and diabetes management parameters. Longer diabetes and higher HbA1C levels are associated with greater MPV (r = 0.389** and r = 0.578**, respectively). A slight correlation (r = 0.486**) between MPV and FBS. In Figure 1, diabetics (58.2 years) and nondiabetics (57.88 years) had minimal age differences. Figure 2 shows diabetics and nondiabetics without vascular problems with a little difference in MPV. MPV discrepancies among diabetics with microvascular and macrovascular issues are seen in Figures 3 and 4. MPV may be useful for evaluating complications in Figure 5. Conclusion: MPV is significant in diabetes and its repercussions, according to our study. More study is needed to evaluate whether glycemic control may correct platelet dysfunction.

Introduction: In 2018, 177,384 people died and 354,864 were diagnosed with oral cancer. There’s a dispute over prognoses for young and elderly patients, as well as smoking and alcohol consumption. The prognosis depends on histological findings and grading systems. A novel risk assessment model, the Brandwein-Gensler model considers perineural invasion, host response, and whole-body invasion. Aims and Objectives: This research aims to create a histological risk score for early oral squamous cell carcinoma to predict recurrence and enable more effective treatment treatments. Methods: This retrospective analysis examined individuals diagnosed with T1/2 “oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)” at an early stage, as defined by the 8th AJCC edition. It was carried out from September 2022 through August 2023 and came after surgical resection was used as the major therapy up to January 2020. With a particular emphasis on the efficacy of surgical resection, it examines the long-term results and prognostic variables. Results: Table 1 shows the Brandwein-Gensler risk model, which scores elements to assess OSCC risk. Variables WPOI, lymphocytic host response (LHR), and Perineural Invasion (PNI). The overall score classifies patients as low (0), moderate (1 or 2), or high risk (3+). This model helps OSCC patients choose therapy and prognosis. Table 2, “locoregional recurrence (LRR)” risk factors for 120 OSCC patients include males, tumor size, lymph node involvement, poorly differentiated tumors, lymphovascular invasion, depth of invasion, nodal involvement, specific WPOI types, high LHR, and perineural invasion. Conclusion: The study has concluded that this method helps prognosticate LRR and identify patients who might benefit from post-surgical adjuvant treatment.

Objectives: The study sought to establish the manifestation of metabolic syndrome with lower urinary tract symptoms in a cohort of men from Eastern India. Methods: This observational investigation, carried out at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical sciences, Patna, India, for nearly 2 years, involved 210 men aged 40 and above with LUTS in East India. Data, including blood biomarkers and lifestyle factors, was collected to evaluate the connection of metabolic syndrome with lower urinary tract symptoms. Results: In the study consisting of 210 aging males from East India, it was noted that around 39.5% of the participants showed metabolic syndrome with an average age of 64.5 years. The major components of the metabolic syndrome recorded in this study were elevated fasting blood sugar (65.23%), waist circumference (60%), and lower serum HDL (59.04%). Metabolic syndrome also correlates with higher BMI, IPSS Score, and more severe LUTS, particularly in voiding. Furthermore, patients with metabolic syndrome exhibited significantly larger prostate sizes (44.55cc vs. 33.44cc, p<0.0001). Positive relationships were observed among metabolic syndrome components and LUTS, with prominent associations in voiding and storage scores. Conclusion: This study underscores a significant connection between metabolic syndrome and the risk of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in men from East India.

Background: Ventral hernias, characterized by abdominal wall weakness, often require surgical intervention. Two common approaches, open and laparoscopic repair, offer unique benefits and challenges. This study aims to comprehensively assess the comparative outcomes of these techniques. Methodology: A prospective analysis of 50 cases (25 open, 25 laparoscopic) was conducted, examining patient characteristics, operative times, postoperative pain, hospital stays, complications, and costs. The study maintained strict ethical guidelines. Results: Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair demonstrated superiority in terms of reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and lower complication rates compared to open surgery. However, laparoscopy required more extended operating times and incurred higher costs. Recommendations: The study supports the preference for laparoscopic repair, emphasizing the need for careful patient selection. Large defects and specific patient profiles may still favor open surgery. Further research, including randomized controlled trials, should substantiate these findings. Conclusion: Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair represents a promising option, particularly for its favorable patient outcomes. While considerations like cost and procedural duration merit attention, laparoscopy’s benefits in terms of pain management and shorter hospitalization are noteworthy.

Background: Intestinal obstruction caused by tuberculosis is an uncommon yet significant condition, primarily affecting the ileocaecal region and often presenting as hypertrophic intestinal tuberculosis. Diagnosis is challenging, especially in patients with advanced pulmonary tuberculosis who manifest clinical symptoms of low-intestinal blockage. This study explores the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, surgical interventions, and outcomes associated with intestinal obstruction due to tuberculosis. Methodology: The study investigates 80 cases of intestinal obstruction occurring over a specified period, with tuberculosis identified as the underlying cause in 30 of these cases, constituting 37.5% of the total cases. Clinical presentations, diagnostic findings, surgical procedures, and short- and long-term outcomes are analyzed. Results: Patients predominantly exhibit symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and distension, with chest X-rays revealing advanced pulmonary tuberculosis in 90.5% of cases. Abdominal films indicate mechanical obstruction in 87% of patients, and a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is observed in 91.3% of cases. Surgical interventions, including ileocolostomy, are common, leading to generally favorable early outcomes, though some complications occur. Long-term results vary, with recurrent tuberculosis often associated with non-compliance with postoperative therapy. Recommendations: Resection may be considered a safe and effective procedure for early and long-term results, particularly when complemented by proper antituberculosis therapy. However, ileocolostomy remains a suitable option for severe cases. Patient education and adherence to postoperative antituberculosis therapy are crucial in preventing recurrences. Conclusion: Intestinal obstruction due to tuberculosis, primarily affecting the ileocaecal region, poses diagnostic challenges. Surgical intervention, coupled with postoperative antituberculosis therapy, yields favorable outcomes. This study underscores the importance of considering tuberculosis as a potential cause of intestinal obstruction in patients with specific clinical features and provides insights into effective management strategies.

Background: Facial scarring caused by burns and traumatic injuries can have profound physical and psychological effects. Nanofat injection, a regenerative technique rich in adipose-derived stem cells and growth factors, shows promise in improving scar quality and texture. Unlike traditional fat grafting, nanofat focuses on enhancing skin quality rather than volume restoration, making it particularly relevant for facial scarring. Methods: This prospective observational study included 60 patients with facial scars (Group A: postburn scars; Group B: post-traumatic scars), aged 16 to 38 years. Patients were evaluated using the Patient Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and photographic analysis. Nanofat was harvested and injected into scar tissue, with follow-up assessments at 3 weeks and 3 months. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in vascularity, pigmentation, thickness, relief, and pliability. Patients reported marked enhancements in pain, itching, color, stiffness, thickness, and irregularity, especially for scars less than 10 years old. For postburn scars, 60% achieved fair and 40% good results; post-traumatic scars had 70% fair and 30% good results. No poor outcomes were observed, and complications were minimal, primarily temporary discomfort at the fat harvesting site. Conclusion: Nanofat injection appears to be a safe and effective treatment for enhancing the appearance and quality of facial scars. It led to significant improvements in scar characteristics and patient-reported outcomes, particularly in scars of recent onset. No major complications were noted, underscoring its safety. Recommendations: Further research with larger sample sizes and longer-term follow-up is warranted to confirm and expand upon these promising results. Nanofat injection should be considered as a potential therapeutic option for facial scar management.

Objective: The purpose of this prospective study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of using tongue flaps in the closure of anterior palatal fistulas. Methods: This prospective observational study, conducted over a six-year period, evaluated the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of using tongue flaps in the closure of anterior palatal fistulas. A diverse cohort of 54 patients, irrespective of age, gender, or socio-economic status, with anterior palatal fistulas larger than 5 mm, underwent both Stage I and Stage II surgical procedures. Data collection included patient demographics, chief complaints, surgical techniques, and follow-up evaluations at the 3rd and 6th months post-surgery. Statistical analysis assessed the impact of gender and age on surgical outcomes. Results: The study revealed a balanced gender distribution (55.6% males, 44.4% females) and a mean age of 32.5 years. Chief complaints predominantly included speech difficulties (70.4%) and mastication issues (57.4%). Surgical outcomes were favorable, with 88.9% of patients experiencing successful results and 11.1% encountering minor complications, which were effectively managed. Follow-up evaluations demonstrated significant healing and functional improvement, particularly in speech, mastication, and swallowing. Statistical analysis indicated consistent success regardless of gender or age. Conclusion: Tongue flap reconstruction emerged as an effective and safe technique for addressing anterior palatal fistulas larger than 5 mm, substantially improving patients’ quality of life. This study recommends the consideration of tongue flap reconstruction as a preferred surgical option. Recommendations: Based on the favourable results of this study, tongue flap repair is our preferred surgical method for closing anterior palatal fistulas, especially those larger than 5 mm. Further research and long-term follow-up studies are needed to confirm these findings and measure procedure durability. This method must also be taught to oral and maxillofacial surgeons to increase its use and benefit more anterior palatal fistula patients.

Background: BDD is a mental health disease that causes obsessive focus on tiny or non-existent physical faults. BDD patients often seek cosmetic surgery to repair perceived faults, which can lead to dissatisfaction and repeated treatments. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and impact of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) among patients seeking cosmetic and reconstructive facial surgery at a Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic. Methods: A retrospective observational study involved 54 Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic BDD patients. Patients 18 years and older who got BDD surgery were included. Clinicians employed descriptive statistics to summarise surgical procedures, postoperative complications, patient satisfaction, and BDD-related symptom changes. Clinical outcome connections and differences were identified using appropriate statistical techniques. Result: The study population had a mean age of 32.0 years with a 60% female, 40% male gender split. Rhinoplasty (45%), otoplasty (20%), chin augmentation (15%), and face rejuvenation (20%) were performed. After surgery, 12% of patients had minor problems that were treated. Interestingly, 85% of patients were satisfied with surgical outcomes, showing significant BDD reduction. Results showed a significant decrease in BDD-related symptoms, with preoperative distress levels dropping from 90% to 20% postoperatively. Surgical interventions were beneficial across procedures and patient variables, demonstrating their adaptability in treating BDD. Conclusion: The study exhibited positive clinical outcomes, with high patient satisfaction and significant reductions in BDD-related symptoms. These interventions were equally effective across various surgical procedures and patient demographics, highlighting their potential as a valuable therapeutic option for addressing BDD-related concerns in diverse patient populations. Recommendations: Healthcare providers should remain vigilant for signs of BDD in patients seeking facial cosmetic procedures and consider comprehensive preoperative assessments. Additionally, collaboration with mental health professionals may be beneficial in managing BDD cases effectively.

Objective: To study the anxiety disorders among higher secondary school students using Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with convenient sampling of 1225students of 11^th and 12^th standard from the different four schools of Surat city during Aug-Sept 2015 by Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) scale. Results: More than two fifth (44.8%) of the students had anxiety disorder symptomatology. Students belongs to joint family (18.1%) reported scared score of ≥25. Type of family was independently affecting the mental health of children which was found statistically significant. Education of family head (Father) was affecting the mental health of children, which was statistically significant. According to socioeconomic status of the family, upper middle class, (21%) of family have score of≥25 on the scale. Conclusion: Anxiety is on the rise in the present generation of adolescents; and is an area of increasing concern worldwide. Overall prevalence of Anxiety is high in our study which demands further research in different region or states of the Indian society.

Introduction: The diagnosis of Paediatric tuberculosis is a big challenge, as the sample collection is difficult and number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacilli in the samples often very low. TrueNat MTB plus assay is a newer method, which is battery operated, point-of-care and chip-based Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) micro device. Aim: To evaluate TrueNat as a screening test in the diagnosis of Pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in comparison with ZN microscopy and MGIT culture. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out over 3 months of period in which 100 samples from suspected cases of paediatric tuberculosis were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining for smear microscopy, culture on MGIT automated culture media and PCR for MTB by Truenat. Comparisons were made between the tests and the data was presented using summary statistics with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: Out of 100 suspected cases, 24samples were detected positive by MGIT culture. Truenatdetected MTC in 22cases.7 cases detected positive by all the three tests performed including ZN stain, MGIT and PCR. MGIT culture positive was considered gold standard of diagnosis of tuberculosis. All samples positive through by ZN staining (7) were positive by MGIT automated culture system andTruenat. Sensitivity and specificity of Truenatwas 70.83% and 93.42 % respectively. ZN staining showed sensitivity of 29.17% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Our study shows promising sensitivity and specificity for TrueNat MTB plus assay in paediatric samples.

The aim of the study is to analyze the cognitive dysfunctions in patients with depression. A case control study was undertaken in 50 Schizophrenia Patients taken as Cases and 50 participants of Healthy volunteers as controls. Socio-demographic details collected from both the cases and controls. Cases diagnosed as schizophrenia according to ICD-10. Cognitive tests of Standardized mini mental status examination (SMMSE), Brief cognitive rating scale, Digit symbol substitution test, Trail making tests A & B, were assessed. No significant difference between the cases and controls with respect to socio-demographic variables. Majority of the study group belong to urban areas than rural, married more than singles and belonging to nuclear family. Cases poorly performed on SMMSE than controls with statistically significant difference. Cases when compared to controls had statistically significant impairment in all the five axis of Brief Cognitive Rating Scale. Cases acquired more time in performing the Trail Making Test, both A and B, and more errors while performing the task when compared to controls. Study concludes that comparison of sociodemographic profile with SMMSE, Digit symbol substitution test (DSST), Trail making tests A & B and BCRS showed that Cognitive deficits are more in males, people from urban areas ,educated upto primary/middle school, unemployed. Comparison of duration of illness with SMMSE, DSST, Trail making tests A & B and BCRS showed that as duration of illness increases the cognitive deficits increases.

Aim: Depression and stress were common disorders in type 2 diabetes. Worldwide diabetes has increased, and it is necessary to reduce the prevalence of factors associated with depression and stress in diabetic individual. Current study assessed the prevalence of stress and depression and identifies their associated factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted in 100 patients with type 2 diabetes. The depression & stress prevalence was estimated using the Beck Depression Inventory and the PSS scales. Results: The rates of depression and stress were 67% and 83%. High prevalence of depression and stress was observed in the 51-60 years age group. Most of the patients were married (79%) and mainly employed (62%). 7% of illiterates showed the association of low education and depression. 75% of diabetic patients have been taking the treatment since 5-10 years, who were observed potential cases of depression. 70% patients undergoing injectable treatment were observed to be potential cases of depression. Conclusion: Important factors associated with high/very high stress were lack of physical activity, and professional work was still significant associated with high/very high stress. Study confirmed the association of diabetes with both depression and stress. This indicates the need for counseling and psychological care at diabetes centers and people with diabetes in general.

Background: The correlation between sleep apnea severity and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including arrhythmias, hypertension, and heart failure (HF), remains a critical area of investigation in medical research. The study investigates the association between sleep apnea severity and cardiovascular diseases to better understand pathophysiological mechanisms and improve prevention and care for at-risk individuals. Methods: The study involved 124 patients diagnosed with sleep apnea. Participants met inclusion criteria of adults aged 18 years and above with confirmed sleep apnea diagnosis and complete medical records. Data collection included demographic information, sleep apnea severity calculated by the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and cardiovascular outcomes determined through clinical diagnosis and diagnostic procedures. Statistical analyses were accomplished using SPSS. Results: The study cohort had a mean age of 52.8 years and comprised 62% males and 38% females, with a significant proportion classified as overweight or obese. Sleep apnea severity varied, with 38% having mild, 29% moderate, and 33% severe sleep apnea. Hypertension was prevalent in 52% of patients at baseline, with 38% developing hypertension during follow-up. Arrhythmias were detected in 18% of participants, and HF diagnosed in 14%. There were significant associations between sleep apnea severity and the development of hypertension (p < 0.001), arrhythmias (p = 0.023), and HF (p = 0.008), independent of potential confounders. Conclusion: The findings underscore the significant impact of sleep apnea on cardiovascular health, emphasizing the importance of early detection and management to mitigate risks of hypertension, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Comprehensive approaches integrating sleep and cardiovascular care are recommended to optimize outcomes in individuals with sleep apnea. Recommendations: Healthcare providers should prioritize screening and management of sleep apnea in individuals with CV risk factors. Multidisciplinary collaboration between sleep medicine specialists and cardiologists is essential for comprehensive assessment and treatment of sleep apnea-related cardiovascular complications.

Background: The study aimed to analyze temporal patterns in the prevalence and death rates associated with heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF and HFrEF) to provide insights into their evolving epidemiology and outcomes. Methods: The study involved 152 adult participants diagnosed with HFpEF or HFrEF. Patients meeting inclusion criteria were followed up from diagnosis until mortality or study conclusion. Data on demographics, co-morbidities, clinical characteristics, and results were collected from electronic health records. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, joinpoint regression for temporal trends, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and multivariable regression. Results: Baseline characteristics revealed a mean age of 67 years, with the majority male (56%) and having hypertension (78%). Incidence of HFpEF increased significantly (p < 0.001), while HFrEF remained stable (p = 0.23). Mortality rates were higher in HFrEF compared to HFpEF (p = 0.03). Multivariable analysis identified older age and male sex as independent risk factors for mortality. Comorbidities such as coronary artery disease (p = 0.002) were correlated with higher mortality, while beta-blocker use showed a protective effect (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The study highlights increasing HFpEF incidence and disparities in mortality rates between HFpEF and HFrEF. Older age, male sex, and comorbidities contribute to higher mortality risk, emphasizing the need for tailored management strategies. Beta-blockers show promise as a protective intervention. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms and refine therapeutic approaches. Recommendations: Clinicians should consider individualized management approaches based on HF subtype and patient characteristics. Continued monitoring of temporal trends and exploration of novel therapeutic interventions are essential for improving outcomes in heart failure patients.

Background: Elevated homocysteine (Hct) levels pose a significant risk for ischemic stroke, albeit with ongoing debate. To address this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing Hct levels between ischemic stroke patients and controls. Methodology: We enrolled 50 patients meeting inclusion criteria post-hospital admission for acute ischemic stroke, measuring homocysteine levels within 24 hours of primary admission. Results: Our study revealed a mean patient age of 54.77 years, with 56.55% being male. All cases presented with hemiparesis, while 62% exhibited aphasia and altered sensorium. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference in homocysteine levels between controls and cases, with a t value of 10.37 and a p value of <0.03. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ischemic stroke patients tend to exhibit higher Hct levels than controls. The potential modifiability of this risk factor requires further investigation through larger prospective cohorts.

Background: Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition in children, often managed with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy. While ICS therapy is effective in controlling asthma, concerns have arisen about its potential impact on glucose metabolism, particularly in paediatric patients. This study aims to investigate the association between the duration and dose of ICS therapy and glycaemic control in children with persistent asthma, shedding light on the need for monitoring and management of metabolic effects. Methods: This prospective observational study enrolled 156 children aged 2-18 with persistent asthma. Participants were categorized into groups based on ICS therapy duration and dose. Clinical and demographic data, including HbA1c levels, were collected. Statistical analyses, including correlation and subgroup analyses, were performed to assess the relationship between ICS therapy, HbA1c, and glycaemic control. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was obtained from participants or guardians. Results: We observed significant differences in HbA1c and fasting glucose levels between cases (children on ICS therapy for over six months) and controls (children on ICS therapy for 1-6 months). Cases had higher HbA1c levels (6.6% ± 0.4%) compared to controls (5.9% ± 0.3%), with a mean difference of 0.7% (p < 0.0001). Additionally, cases showed elevated fasting glucose levels (90.5 mg/dL ± 5.2 mg/dL) in contrast to controls (85.3 mg/dL ± 4.8 mg/dL), with a mean difference of 5.2 mg/dL (p < 0.0001). These findings underscore the link between prolonged ICS therapy and adverse glucose metabolism. Conclusion: Our study highlights a significant association between prolonged inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy and elevated HbA1c and fasting glucose levels in paediatric patients with persistent asthma. Regardless of age or asthma severity, longer ICS treatment was linked to higher HbA1c levels. These findings emphasize the importance of regular monitoring and management of glucose metabolism in this population to optimize asthma care and overall health.

Background: Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and tenderness over the lateral aspect of the elbow. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and corticosteroid injections, such as triamcinolone, are commonly used interventions for tennis elbow, but their comparative efficacy remains uncertain. Aim and Objectives: To compare the efficacy of PRP and triamcinolone in treating tennis elbow. Materials and Methods: Thirty participants with clinically diagnosed tennis elbow were randomly assigned to receive either a single ultrasound-guided injection of PRP or triamcinolone. Pain intensity, functional improvement, patient satisfaction, recurrence rates, and adverse events were assessed at baseline, three months, and six months post-treatment. Results: PRP and triamcinolone injections significantly reduced pain intensity and improved function at three and six months post-treatment. Both groups had high patient satisfaction rates, with no significant differences observed between PRP and triamcinolone. Recurrence rates and adverse events were similar between the two treatments. Conclusion: Both PRP and triamcinolone injections offer effective options for managing tennis elbow. Over a six-month follow-up period, they had comparable outcomes in pain relief, functional improvement, patient satisfaction, recurrence rates, and adverse events. These findings suggest that PRP may be a promising alternative to corticosteroid injections for tennis elbow treatment.

Introduction: The role of anaesthesiologist during the Covid-19 pandemic has been crucial. Being experts in airway management, ventilator management and critical care they have gained an important role in managing various facets of the pandemic. To know if this popularity has translated into increased awareness we conducted a study in our hospital. Methods: The study was conducted on 150 adult patients and their relatives who visited the PAC and ICU. A questionnaire consisting of 14 questions in both English and Hindi language was given to the participants to test their awareness about role of anaesthetist during Covid and anaesthesia as a speciality. Results: 54% of our participants were graduates still 50% had awareness of the subject from family, friends and their doctors highlighting the underutilisation of print and electronic media in creating awareness. Most participants knew about anaesthesia prior to covid. Role of anaesthetist during covid pandemic was known to only 34% of them. 58% knew of anaesthesiologist as a separate doctor and most people considered Anaesthesia to be overall safe. Intra and post operative pain was the biggest fear amongst participants. Participants had little knowledge about the role of anaesthesiologist outside the OR. Conclusion: Covid-19 has thrown some light on the diverse role of anaesthesiologists. Role of anaesthetists in ICU is now being appreciated. But that is meagre in comparison to the vast contribution of the anaesthetists to patient care. People are still unaware of the specialist’s role in OR. There is lack of knowledge about the pivotal roles played outside the OR. Increased awareness created by electronic and print media can make a huge difference. Anaesthestists too will have to take up leadership role in educating the general public which will allay undue fears and also increase respect of Anaesthesiologists in the society.

Subtrochanteric fractures of the femur accounts 7- 44% of all proximal femur fractures. Conservative management in these fractures has no role. Two options exist for unstable fractures, either angular locking plate or a sliding neck screw via a closed technique. Current study compared the functional Outcome of Subtrochanteric fractures those were managed with proximal femoral nail or Proximal Femoral Locking Plate using the modified Harris hip score as an assessment tool at follow-up visits at 6, 12, and 24 wks post-surgery. The mean duration of surgery in proximal femoral nail group was 80 min and in proximal femoral locking plate group was 114 min. Study observed that cases those were operated with proximal femoral nail had shorter operation times, less bleeding, fewer infections, and are more stable than those that were operated with proximal femoral locking plate with significant difference. All patients who were treated by proximal femoral nail were successful, with the exception of two cases that were classified as non-union and one case that was classified as an implant failure. In cases treated by proximal femoral locking plate group, there were two patients that resulted in non-union, four implant failures, and two infections. Early mobilization is possible with proximal femoral nail, in contrast to proximal femoral locking plate, and postoperative stiffness is less likely to occur with proximal femoral nail than with proximal femoral locking plate. Study concluded that proximal femoral nail was a superior implant to proximal femoral locking plate because it promotes fracture union with less disruption of the soft tissues around it, offers more stability, and permits early weight bearing. Compared to proximal femoral locking plate, proximal femoral nail offers better functional and radiological outcomes with shorter operating times, less blood loss, and earlier mobilization. In comparison to proximal femoral locking plate, proximal femoral nail had better union rates and less difficulties.