Introduction: In patients on mechanical ventilation, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent hospital-acquired ailments that raises mortality, intensive care unit stays, and medical expenses. The main cause of VAP is the aspiration of oropharyngeal organisms into the distal bronchi, which can happen directly or by stomach reflux. In order to effectively manage this illness, preventative measures are essential. Methods: In Central India, a Medical College Hospital served as the study’s setting. Patients were chosen from ICUs according to inclusion and exclusion criteria after receiving approval from the institutional ethical committee. Clinical, microbiological, and radiological indicators were taken into consideration when assigning a score to clinically suspected patients using the Chronic Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS), in accordance with CDC guidelines. Age, gender, CPIS, diagnosis at ICU admission, length of ventilation, antibiotics received, samples submitted for etiological agent confirmation, suction tip culture, endotracheal aspirate, type of organism recovered, susceptibility profile, and clinical outcome were among the variables noted for each patient. Results: Out of the 362 patients that were chosen, 99.7% of them were in the supine position as their major risk factor, 99.44% had a nasogastric tube in place, and 98.1% were sedated. 39.23% of the patients experienced VAP following a minimum of 48 hours of intubation and mechanical ventilation. For patients who acquired VAP, the average length of time they were on mechanical ventilation was 9.09 ± 2.747 days. Just 1.56% of the isolated bacteria were gram-positive, whereas gram-negative bacteria made up the majority of the isolates (98.44%). Acinetobacter Baumannii (21.09%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (41.40%) were the two most prevalent of the 128 identified species. Compared to patients without VAP, individuals with VAP experienced much longer stays in the ICU and hospital. Conclusion: The present study offers a thorough examination of the epidemiology, microbiological etiology, antibiotic resistance, and clinical consequences of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The majority of VAP cases are caused by gram-negative bacteria, which are MDR. The primary causal agent of VAP in the current study, K. pneumoniae, did not have a common source of infection that would have indicated possible endogenous origins. The results highlight the need for customized preventive and treatment plans to enhance patient outcomes and support continued monitoring and evidence-based methods to combat this difficult illness.

Background: The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is one of the oldest methods of contraception used to prevent pregnancy. Modern IUCDs are highly effective, safe, discreet, long-acting, and reversible. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and safety of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) during the postpartum period, as well as to assess their feasibility, safety, effectiveness, and expulsion rates. Methods: The women presenting to antenatal OPD were counseled about family planning and encouraged to opt for copper-T insertion immediately after delivery. In this study, the Copper T 380A was used, with insertions performed by trained obstetricians following all recommended clinical and infection prevention protocols outlined in the National Family Welfare guidelines. Before hospital discharge, all patients were examined for vaginal bleeding and discharge. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. During these visits, pelvic examinations were conducted to check for any signs of bleeding, infection, or displacement, and abdominal ultrasounds (USG) were performed to confirm IUCD positioning. Results: A significant number of women accepted the IUCD as a contraceptive method, with an overall acceptance rate of 52.52%. Antenatal counseling was more effective in promoting IUCD acceptance compared to postpartum counseling. A large majority of women (94.35%) continued using the IUCD for at least 12 months, indicating high satisfaction and effectiveness. The overall complication rate associated with IUCD use was low, with most complications being mild and manageable. Factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status influenced the decision to accept or refuse the IUCD. Conclusion: Antenatal counseling was more efficient in encouraging IUCD uptake than postpartum counseling. Age, education, and economic class affected their willingness to accept or reject IUCD. A greater proportion of younger women, those with higher education, and those with higher socio-economic status accepted the use of IUCD. A statistically significant number of women (94.35%) continued using IUCD for at least 12 months, suggesting the effectiveness and acceptability of the method.

Objectives: The present study was to evaluate the accuracy of ADC in differentiating benign from malignant neck masses. And, to compare the MRI findings and ADC values with histopathological findings. Methods: After the demographic data collection was completed, the patients were then made to undergo MRI study, using GE Signa HDxT 1.5 Tesla MRI. MRI examination consists of T1 weighted (TR: 315–515 ms, TE 8.5–32.5 ms, field of view 20–25 cm) and T2 weighted (TR 3500–5500 ms, TE 100–130 ms, field of view 20–25 cm) fast spin echo images. DW-MRI was obtained using a multislice single-shot spin-echo, echo-planar sequence with b-factor of 0 and 1000 s/mm², and ADC maps was generated. A Region of Interest (ROI) was drawn using a circle and mean ADC value was calculated. The final diagnosis was made by histopathological examination. Conclusions: Diffusion-weighted imaging is a useful technique that helps to obtain ADC value from the lesion, which adds to the specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI by adequately characterizing the lesions, which otherwise would not be possible on ultrasound, CT and routine conventional MRI sequences. Diffusion weighted- MRI and ADC values are highly sensitive and specific to differentiate between benign and malignant neck masses. Hence, the DWI sequence with ADC values should be used in combination with other MRI sequences for  better characterisation of neck masses.

Background: Refractive error among the young students is becoming a major problem worldwide. Uncorrected refractive error can have huge social, psychological, economic, and developmental implications. The study aimed to estimate prevalence of diagnosed refractive errors among the undergraduate medical students of Burdwan Medical College, Purba Bardhaman district and risk factors associated with it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate medical students of Burdwan Medical College of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, during period from April 2022 to May 2022. A calculated sample of 294 students were selected by complete enumeration and interviewed with a predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Results: Out of 294 study participants 170 (57.8%) were suffering from Refractive errors. As per categorization of refractive error, 66.5% had simple myopia, 28.8% had myopia with astigmatism, 3.5% had simple hypermetropia and 1.2% had hypermetropia with astigmatism. Among the 162 Myopic subjects most 111 (68.5%) had Low (0 to -3) degree of Myopia in Right eye and 110 (67.9%) had the same in the left eye. 42 (26%) and 41 (25.4%) had Moderate degree of Myopia in right and left eye respectively. 8 (4.9%) and 10 (6.1%) had High degree of Myopia in right and left eye respectively. 0.6% of the participants did not have any power in either right eye or left eye. No statically significant difference of physical activity on a daily basis (for more than 5 times per week) and presence of Myopia was found. Conclusion: Prevalence of Refractive errors among the under graduate medical students was 57.8% in eastern India.

Introduction: The current generation of teenagers is growing up immersed in a world saturated with electronic devices which is leading to alteration in sleep pattern and ocular manifestation. So, this study is focusing on assessing the screen time and sleep pattern of undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care hospital. Objective: To assess the effects of screen-time on sleep pattern among undergraduate medical students of a medical college in West Bengal. Materials and Methods: It was an institution based descriptive type of observational study, cross-sectional in design. The data was collected in May-June 2023 with the help of a semi structured questionnaire, circulated among the students. The collected data was analyzed and organized using MS Excel 2019. A pre-designed, pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire comprising of sociodemographic profile, screentime assessment scale, Athens insomnia scale, knowledge and practice questionnaire. Result: Among the 800 undergraduate medical students, 349 students took part in the study. After analysis it was found that there is a positive correlation between screen time and sleep pattern (r value =0.460), indicating insomnia increases with screen time. It was also found that 34.9% of the study subjects have screen time between 4 to 6 hours and 34% of the study subjects have insomnia. It was also inferred that there is a gap between knowledge and practice. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that insomnia and other ocular manifestations increase with screen time. Hence, it is recommended to people to reduce screen time as much as possible.